Lowering salivary pH with sugar-containing gum augmentssalivary nitrite production and blood pressure reduction with dietary nitrate (beetroot juice)

Webb, A. J., Clift, H., Hill, C., Mousa, N., Jayaraj, N. A., Quraishi, J., Mills, C. E. and O'Gallagher, K. (2026) Lowering salivary pH with sugar-containing gum augmentssalivary nitrite production and blood pressure reduction with dietary nitrate (beetroot juice). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0306-5251 doi: 10.1002/bcp.70640

Abstract/Summary

Aims The nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide (NO) pathway has a wide range of effects including blood pressure (BP) regulation. Nitrate, produced endogenously, and absorbed from dietary sources (e.g., beetroot), is concentrated in/secreted by the salivary glands and reduced by lingual bacterial nitrate reductases to nitrite (the ‘enterosalivary circulation’). Following systemic absorption, nitrite is further reduced to vasodilating NO intravascularly. The role of salivary pH in nitrate reduction has mainly been studied in isolated oral installation studies, rather than systemic studies employing the enterosalivary circulation. Our aim was to determine the acute relationship between salivary pH, salivary nitrite production, plasma [nitrite] and the BP-lowering effect of dietary nitrate, by altering salivary pH using sugar-containing chewing gum (vs. sugar-free chewing gum). Methods We performed a 7-h crossover study, with 14 healthy volunteers consuming beetroot juice (Beet-It®, 70-mL, ~400-mg nitrate) and randomized to initially chew either sugar-containing acidic chewing (bubble) gum or sugar-free non-acidic chewing gum, with the alternate gum on the second visit. Results Sugar-containing gum decreased salivary pH by 1.4 ± 0.09 vs. sugar-free gum (p < .0001). While there was no significant effect on salivary nitrate secretion or plasma [nitrate], salivary nitrite production was increased by 45% (30.0 ± 11.0 μmol·h−1; [p < .01]), with plasma [nitrite] increasing by 25% (222.2 ± 50.3 nmol·L−1; [p = .0001]). Systolic and diastolic BP were decreased by 2.7 ± 0.5 and 1.9 ± 0.5 mmHg, respectively (both p < .0001). Conclusion Acutely lowering salivary pH (with sugar-containing gum) augments salivary nitrite production, plasma [nitrite] and BP-lowering with dietary nitrate. This mechanism has potential to enhance other nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway effects, for example, exercise performance.

Item Type	Article
URI	https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/id/eprint/130695
Identification Number/DOI	10.1002/bcp.70640
Refereed	Yes
Divisions	Life Sciences > School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy > Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences > Human Nutrition Research Group
Publisher	Wiley-Blackwell
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