Downloads

Abutalebi, J., Canini, M., Della Rosa, P. A., Green, D. W., & Weekes, B. S. (2015). The neuroprotective effects of bilingualism upon the inferior parietal lobule : a structural neuroimaging study in aging Chinese bilinguals. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 33, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2014.09.008 Abutalebi, J., Canini, M., Della Rosa, P. A., Sheung, L. P., Green, D. W., & Weekes, B. S. (2014). Bilingualism protects anterior temporal lobe integrity in aging. Neurobiology of Aging, 35(9), 2126–2133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.010 Abutalebi, J., Della Rosa, P. A., Gonzaga, A. K. C., Keim, R., Costa, A., Perani, D., … Perani, D. (2013). The role of the left putamen in multilingual language production. Brain and Language, 125(3), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.009 Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2016). Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: neural adaptation and reserve. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(04), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000225 Abutalebi, J., Guidi, L., Borsa, V., Canini, M., Della Rosa, P. A., Parris, B. A., & Weekes, B. S. (2015). Bilingualism provides a neural reserve for aging populations. Neuropsychologia, 69, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.040 Allen, J. S., Emmorey, K., Bruss, J., & Damasio, H. (2008). Morphology of the insula in relation to hearing status and sign language experience. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(46), 11900–11905. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3141-08.2008 Allen, J. S., Emmorey, K., Bruss, J., & Damasio, H. (2013). Neuroanatomical differences in visual, motor, and language cortices between congenitally deaf signers, hearing signers, and hearing non-signers. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 7, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2013.00026 Anderson, J. A. E., Grundy, J. G., De Frutos, J., Barker, R. M., Grady, C., & Bialystok, E. (2018). Effects of bilingualism on white matter integrity in older adults. NeuroImage, 167, 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.038 Archila-Suerte, P., Woods, E. A., Chiarello, C., & Hernandez, A. E. (2018). Neuroanatomical profiles of bilingual children. Developmental Science, 21(5), e12654. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12654 Aydin, K., Ucar, A., Oguz, K. K., Okur, O. O., Agayev, A., Unal, Z., … Ozturk, C. (2007). Increased gray matter density in the parietal cortex of mathematicians: A voxel-based morphometry study. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 28(10), 1859–1864. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0696 Becker, M., Schubert, T., Strobach, T., Gallinat, J., & Kühn, S. (2016). Simultaneous interpreters vs. professional multilingual controls: Group differences in cognitive control as well as brain structure and function. NeuroImage, 134, 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.079 Bellander, M., Berggren, R., Mårtensson, J., Brehmer, Y., Wenger, E., Li, T. Q., … Lövdén, M. (2016). Behavioral correlates of changes in hippocampal gray matter structure during acquisition of foreign vocabulary. NeuroImage, 131, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.020 Berken, J. A., Gracco, V. L., Chen, J.-K., & Klein, D. (2016). The timing of language learning shapes brain structure associated with articulation. Brain Structure and Function, 221(7), 3591–3600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1121-9 Berken, J. A., Gracco, V. L., & Klein, D. (2017). Early bilingualism, language attainment, and brain development. Neuropsychologia, 98, 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.031 Bermudez, P., Lerch, J. P., Evans, A. C., & Zatorre, R. J. (2009). Neuroanatomical correlates of musicianship as revealed by cortical thickness and voxel-based morphometry. Cerebral Cortex, 19(7), 1583–1596. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn196 Borsa, V. M., Perani, D., Della Rosa, P. A., Videsott, G., Guidi, L., Weekes, B. S., … Abutalebi, J. (2018). Bilingualism and healthy aging: Aging effects and neural maintenance. Neuropsychologia, 111, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.012 Boyke, J., Driemeyer, J., Gaser, C., Buchel, C., & May, A. (2008). Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(28), 7031–7035. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0742-08.2008 Brito, N. H., & Noble, K. G. (2018). The independent and interacting effects of socioeconomic status and dual-language use on brain structure and cognition. Developmental Science, 21(6), e12688. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12688 Burgaleta, M., Sanjuán, A., Ventura-Campos, N., Sebastián-Gallés, N., & Ávila, C. (2016). Bilingualism at the core of the brain. Structural differences between bilinguals and monolinguals revealed by subcortical shape analysis. NeuroImage, 125, 437–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.073 Chiu, P.-W., Mak, H. K.-F., Yau, K. K.-W., Chan, Q., Chang, R. C.-C., & Chu, L.-W. (2014). Metabolic changes in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices of the normal aging brain: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 3 T. Age, 36(1), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9545-8 Coggins, P. E., Kennedy, T. J., & Armstrong, T. A. (2004). Bilingual corpus callosum variability. Brain and Language, 89(1), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00299-2 Cummine, J., & Boliek, C. A. (2013). Understanding white matter integrity stability for bilinguals on language status and reading performance. Brain Structure & Function, 218(2), 595–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0466-6 de Bot, K. (2006). The plastic bilingual brain: synaptic pruning or growth? Commentary on Green, et al. Language Learning, 56(SUPPL. 1), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00358.x De Smet, H. J., Paquier, P. F., Verhoeven, J., & Mariën, P. (2013). The cerebellum: its role in language and related cognitive and affective functions. Brain and Language, 127(3), 334–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.11.001 Del Maschio, N., Sulpizio, S., Gallo, F., Fedeli, D., Weekes, B. S., & Abutalebi, J. (2018). Neuroplasticity across the lifespan and aging effects in bilinguals and monolinguals. Brain and Cognition, 125, 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2018.06.007 Della Rosa, P. A., Videsott, G., Borsa, V. M., Canini, M., Weekes, B. S., Franceschini, R., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). A neural interactive location for multilingual talent. Cortex, 49(2), 605–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.12.001 DeLuca, V., Rothman, J., Bialystok, E., & Pliatsikas, C. (revised and resubmitted). Redefining bilingualism: a spectrum of experiences that differentially affect brain structure and function DeLuca, V., Rothman, J., & Pliatsikas, C. (2018). Linguistic immersion and structural effects on the bilingual brain: a longitudinal study. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000883 Diamond, M. C., Krech, D., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964). The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cerebral cortex. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 123(1), 111–119. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/cne.901230110 Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/427311a Duncan, H. D., Nikelski, J., Pilon, R., Steffener, J., Chertkow, H., & Phillips, N. A. (2018). Structural brain differences between monolingual and multilingual patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: Evidence for cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 109, 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.036 Elmer, S., Hänggi, J., & Jäncke, L. (2014). Processing demands upon cognitive, linguistic, and articulatory functions promote grey matter plasticity in the adult multilingual brain: Insights from simultaneous interpreters. Cortex, 54, 179–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.014 Elmer, S., Hänggi, J., Meyer, M., & Jäncke, L. (2011). Differential language expertise related to white matter architecture in regions subserving sensory-motor coupling, articulation, and interhemispheric transfer. Human Brain Mapping, 32(12), 2064–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21169 Emmorey, K., Giezen, M. R., & Gollan, T. H. (2016). Psycholinguistic, cognitive, and neural implications of bimodal bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000085 Estanga, A., Ecay-Torres, M., Ibañez, A., Izagirre, A., Villanua, J., Garcia-Sebastian, M., … Martinez-Lage, P. (2017). Beneficial effect of bilingualism on Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarkers and cognition. Neurobiology of Aging, 50, 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.10.013 Felton, A., Vazquez, D., Ramos Nuñez, A. I., Greene, M. R., Macbeth, A., Hernandez, A. E., & Chiarello, C. (2017). Bilingualism influences structural indices of interhemispheric organization. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 42, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.10.004 Fields, R. D. (2008). White matter in learning, cognition and psychiatric disorders. Trends in Neurosciences, 31(7), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.04.001 Filippi, R., Richardson, F. M., Dick, F., Leech, R., Green, D. W., Thomas, M. S. C., & Price, C. J. (2011). The right posterior paravermis and the control of language interference. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(29), 10732–10740. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1783-11.2011 Flege, J. E. (2009). Give input a chance. In T. Piske & M. Young-Scholten (Eds.), Input matters in SLA (p. 175–190.). Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Friederici, A. D., & Gierhan, S. M. E. (2013). The language network. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23(2), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.10.002 García-Pentón, L., García, Y. F., Costello, B., Duñabeitia, A., Carreiras, M., Fernández García, Y., … Carreiras, M. (2016). The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: how to turn a hazy view into the full picture. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 3798(3), 303–327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1068944 García-Pentón, L., Pérez Fernández, A., Iturria-Medina, Y., Gillon-Dowens, M., Carreiras, M., Fernández, A. P., … Carreiras, M. (2014). Anatomical connectivity changes in the bilingual brain. NeuroImage, 84, 495–504. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.064 Gold, B. T. (2015). Lifelong bilingualism and neural reserve against Alzheimer’s disease: A review of findings and potential mechanisms. Behavioural Brain Research, 281, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.006 Gold, B. T. (2016). Lifelong bilingualism, cognitive reserve and Alzheimer’s disease: A review of findings. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6(1–2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.14028.gol Gold, B. T., Kim, C., Johnson, N. F., Kryscio, R. J., & Smith, C. D. (2013). Lifelong Bilingualism Maintains Neural Efficiency for Cognitive Control in Aging. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(2), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3837-12.2013 Golestani, N. (2012). Brain structural correlates of individual differences at low-to high-levels of the language processing hierarchy: A review of new approaches to imaging research. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(1), 6–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006912456585 Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.796377 Grillner, S., & Robertson, B. (2016). The basal ganglia over 500 million years. Current Biology, 26(20), R1088–R1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.041 Grogan, A., Parker Jones, O., Ali, N., Crinion, J. T., Orabona, S., Mechias, M. L., … Price, C. J. (2012). Structural correlates for lexical efficiency and number of languages in non-native speakers of English. Neuropsychologia, 50(7), 1347–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.019 Grundy, J. G., Anderson, J. A. E., & Bialystok, E. (2017). Neural correlates of cognitive processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1396(1), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13333 Hämäläinen, S., Joutsa, J., Sihvonen, A. J., Leminen, A., & Lehtonen, M. (2018). Beyond volume: A surface-based approach to bilingualism-induced grey matter changes. Neuropsychologia, 117, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.038 Hämäläinen, S., Sairanen, V., Leminen, A., & Lehtonen, M. (2017). Bilingualism modulates the white matter structure of language-related pathways. NeuroImage, 152, 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.081 Hervais-Adelman, A., Egorova, N., & Golestani, N. (2018). Beyond bilingualism: multilingual experience correlates with caudate volume. Brain Structure and Function, 223(7), 3495–3502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1695-0 Hervais-Adelman, A., Moser-Mercer, B., Murray, M. M., & Golestani, N. (2017). Cortical thickness increases after simultaneous interpretation training. Neuropsychologia, 98, 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.008 Hofstetter, S., Friedmann, N., & Assaf, Y. (2017). Rapid language-related plasticity: microstructural changes in the cortex after a short session of new word learning. Brain Structure and Function, 222(3), 1231–1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1273-2 Hosoda, C., Tanaka, K., Nariai, T., Honda, M., & Hanakawa, T. (2013). Dynamic neural network reorganization associated with second language vocabulary acquisition: a multimodal imaging study. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(34), 13663–72. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0410-13.2013 Ishibashi, T., Dakin, K. A., Stevens, B., Lee, P. R., Kozlov, S. V., Stewart, C. L., & Fields, R. D. (2006). Astrocytes promote myelination in response to electrical impulses. Neuron, 49(6), 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.006 Kaiser, A., Eppenberger, L. S., Smieskova, R., Borgwardt, S., Kuenzli, E., Radue, E.-W., … Bendfeldt, K. (2015). Age of second language acquisition in multilinguals has an impact on gray matter volume in language-associated brain areas. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00638 Klein, D., Mok, K., Chen, J.-K., & Watkins, K. E. (2014). Age of language learning shapes brain structure: a cortical thickness study of bilingual and monolingual individuals. Brain and Language, 131, 20–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.05.014 Kuhl, P. K., Stevenson, J., Corrigan, N. M., van den Bosch, J. J. F., Can, D. D., & Richards, T. (2016). Neuroimaging of the bilingual brain: Structural brain correlates of listening and speaking in a second language. Brain and Language, 162, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.07.004 Kwok, V., Niu, Z., Kay, P., Zhou, K., Mo, L., Jin, Z., … Tan, L. H. (2011). Learning new color names produces rapid increase in gray matter in the intact adult human cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(16), 6686–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103217108 Lee, H., Devlin, J. T., Shakeshaft, C., Stewart, L. H., Brennan, A., Glensman, J., … Price, C. J. (2007). Anatomical Traces of Vocabulary Acquisition in the Adolescent Brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(5), 1184–1189. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4442-06.2007 Li, L., Abutalebi, J., Emmorey, K., Gong, G., Yan, X., Feng, X., … Ding, G. (2017). How bilingualism protects the brain from aging: Insights from bimodal bilinguals. Human Brain Mapping, 38(8), 4109–4124. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23652 Liu, H., Hu, Z., Guo, T., & Peng, D. (2010). Speaking words in two languages with one brain: Neural overlap and dissociation. Brain Research, 1316, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.030 Lövdén, M., Wenger, E., Mårtensson, J., Lindenberger, U., & Bäckman, L. (2013). Structural brain plasticity in adult learning and development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(9), 2296–2310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.014 Luk, G., Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Grady, C. L. (2011). Lifelong bilingualism maintains white matter integrity in older adults. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(46), 16808–13. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4563-11.2011 Luk, G., & Pliatsikas, C. (2016). Converging diversity to unity: commentary on The neuroanatomy of bilingualism. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(3), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1119289 Maguire, E., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(8), 4398–403. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.070039597 Mamiya, P. C., Richards, T. L., Coe, B. P., Eichler, E. E., Kuhl, P. K., Geschwind, D. H., & Paus, T. (2016). Brain white matter structure and COMT gene are linked to second-language learning in adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(26), 7249–7254. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606602113 Mårtensson, J., Eriksson, J., Bodammer, N. C., Lindgren, M., Johansson, M., Nyberg, L., & Lövdén, M. (2012). Growth of language-related brain areas after foreign language learning. NeuroImage, 63(1), 240–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.043 Martínez-Horta, S., Moreu, A., Perez-Perez, J., Sampedro, F., Horta-Barba, A., Pagonabarraga, J., … Kulisevsky, J. (2018). The impact of bilingualism on brain structure and function in Huntington’s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.09.017 Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Price, C. J. (2004). Neurolinguistics: Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature, 431(7010), 757–757. https://doi.org/10.1038/431757a Mink, J. W. (1996). The basal ganglia: Focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Progress in Neurobiology, 50(4), 381–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00042-1 Mohades, S. G., Struys, E., Van Schuerbeek, P., Mondt, K., Van De Craen, P., & Luypaert, R. (2012). DTI reveals structural differences in white matter tracts between bilingual and monolingual children. Brain Research, 1435, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.005 Mohades, S. G., Van Schuerbeek, P., Rosseel, Y., Van De Craen, P., Luypaert, R., & Baeken, C. (2015). White-matter development is different in bilingual and monolingual children: a longitudinal DTI study. Plos One, 10, e0117968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117968 Muftuler, L. T., Davis, E. P., Buss, C., Solodkin, A., Su, M. Y., Head, K. M., … Sandman, C. A. (2012). Development of white matter pathways in typically developing preadolescent children. Brain Research, 1466, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.035 Nichols, E. S., & Joanisse, M. F. (2016). Functional activity and white matter microstructure reveal the independent effects of age of acquisition and proficiency on second-language learning. NeuroImage, 143, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.053 Olsen, R. K., Pangelinan, M. M., Bogulski, C., Chakravarty, M. M., Luk, G., Grady, C. L., & Bialystok, E. (2015). The effect of lifelong bilingualism on regional grey and white matter volume. Brain Research, 1612, 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.034 Olulade, O. A., Jamal, N. I., Koo, D. S., Perfetti, C. A., LaSasso, C., & Eden, G. F. (2016). Neuroanatomical evidence in support of the bilingual advantage theory. Cerebral Cortex, 26(7), 3196–3204. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv152 Osterhout, L., Poliakov, A., Inoue, K., McLaughlin, J., Valentine, G., Pitkanen, I., … Hirschensohn, J. (2008). Second-language learning and changes in the brain. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21(6), 509–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2008.01.001 Perani, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2015). Bilingualism, dementia, cognitive and neural reserve. Current Opinion in Neurology, 28(6), 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000267 Perani, D., Farsad, M., Ballarini, T., Lubian, F., Malpetti, M., Fracchetti, A., … Abutalebi, J. (2017). The impact of bilingualism on brain reserve and metabolic connectivity in Alzheimer’s dementia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(7), 1690–1695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610909114 Pliatsikas, C., DeLuca, V., Meteyard, L., & Ullman, M. T. (2018). Bilingualism interacts with age-related cortical thinning in children and adolescents. In Poster presented at the Society for the Neurobiology of Language annual meeting 2018. Pliatsikas, C., DeLuca, V., Moschopoulou, E., & Saddy, J. D. (2017). Immersive bilingualism reshapes the core of the brain. Brain Structure and Function, 222(4), 1785–1795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1307-9 Pliatsikas, C., Johnstone, T., & Marinis, T. (2014). Grey Matter Volume in the Cerebellum is Related to the Processing of Grammatical Rules in a Second Language: A Structural Voxel-based Morphometry Study. The Cerebellum, 13(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0515-6 Pliatsikas, C., Moschopoulou, E., & Saddy, J. D. (2015). The effects of bilingualism on the white matter structure of the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(5), 1334–1337. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414183112 Prehn, K., Taud, B., Reifergerste, J., Clahsen, H., & Floel, A. (2018). Neural correlates of grammatical inflection in older native and second-language speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(01), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916001206 Quallo, M. M., Price, C. J., Ueno, K., Asamizuya, T., Cheng, K., Lemon, R. N., & Iriki, A. (2009). Gray and white matter changes associated with tool-use learning in macaque monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(43), 18379–18384. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909751106 Rahmani, F., Sobhani, S., & Aarabi, M. H. (2017). Sequential language learning and language immersion in bilingualism: diffusion MRI connectometry reveals microstructural evidence. Experimental Brain Research, 235(10), 2935–2945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5029-x Reed, A., Riley, J., Carraway, R., Carrasco, A., Perez, C., Jakkamsetti, V., & Kilgard, M. P. (2011). Cortical map plasticity improves learning but is not necessary for improved performance. Neuron, 70(1), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.038 Ressel, V., Pallier, C., Ventura-Campos, N., Díaz, B., Roessler, A., Ávila, C., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2012). An effect of bilingualism on the auditory cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(47), 16597–601. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1996-12.2012 Reyes, A., Paul, B. M., Marshall, A., Chang, Y.-H. A., Bahrami, N., Kansal, L., … McDonald, C. R. (2018). Does bilingualism increase brain or cognitive reserve in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy? Epilepsia, 59(5), 1037–1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14072 Richardson, F. M., Thomas, M. S. C., Filippi, R., Harth, H., & Price, C. J. (2010). Contrasting effects of vocabulary knowledge on temporal and parietal brain structure across lifespan. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(5), 943–954. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21238 Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D., Bennett, E. L., & Diamond, M. C. (1962). Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry and anatomy: a replication and extension. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(4), 429. Rossi, E., Cheng, H., Kroll, J. F., Diaz, M. T., & Newman, S. D. (2017). Changes in white-matter connectivity in late second language learners: Evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(2040), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02040 Schlegel, A. A., Rudelson, J. J., & Tse, P. U. (2012). White matter structure changes as adults learn a second language. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(8), 1664–70. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00240 Scholz, J., Klein, M. C., Behrens, T. E. J., & Johansen-berg, H. (2010). Training induces changes in white matter architecture. Nature Neuroscience, 12(11), 1370–1371. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2412.Training Schweizer, T. A., Ware, J., Fischer, C. E., Craik, F. I. M., & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: evidence from brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 48(8), 991–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.04.009 Singh, N. C., Rajan, A., Malagi, A., Ramanujan, K., Canini, M., Della Rosa, P. A., … Abutalebi, J. (2018). Microstructural anatomical differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(5), 995–1008. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000438 Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Rueckert, D., Nichols, T. E., Mackay, C. E., … Behrens, T. E. J. (2006). Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. NeuroImage, 31(4), 1487–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024 Stein, M., Federspiel, A., Koenig, T., Wirth, M., Lehmann, C., Wiest, R., … Dierks, T. (2009). Reduced frontal activation with increasing 2nd language proficiency. Neuropsychologia, 47(13), 2712–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.023 Stein, M., Federspiel, A., Koenig, T., Wirth, M., Strik, W., Wiest, R., … Dierks, T. (2012). Structural plasticity in the language system related to increased second language proficiency. Cortex, 48(4), 458–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.10.007 Tamnes, C. K., Østby, Y., Fjell, A. M., Westlye, L. T., Due-Tønnessen, P., & Walhovd, K. B. (2010). Brain maturation in adolescence and young adulthood: Regional age-related changes in cortical thickness and white matter volume and microstructure. Cerebral Cortex, 20(3), 534–548. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp118 Tan, X.-Y., Pi, Y.-L., Wang, J., Li, X.-P., Zhang, L.-L., Dai, W., … Wu, Y. (2017). Morphological and functional differences between athletes and novices in cortical neuronal networks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00660 Taubert, M., Draganski, B., Anwander, A., Muller, K., Horstmann, A., Villringer, A., & Ragert, P. (2010). Dynamic properties of human brain structure: Learning-related changes in cortical areas and associated fiber connections. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(35), 11670–11677. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2567-10.2010 Van de Putte, E., De Baene, W., García-Pentón, L., Woumans, E., Dijkgraaf, A., & Duyck, W. (2018). Anatomical and functional changes in the brain after simultaneous interpreting training: A longitudinal study. Cortex, 99, 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.024 Voits, T., Robson, H., Rothman, J., & Pliatsikas, C. (in preparation). Beyond Alzheimer’s: Bilingualism and other types of neurodegeneration Weekes, B. S., Abutalebi, J., Mak, H. K., Borsa, V., Soares, S. M. P., & Zhang, L. (2018). Effect of monolingualism and bilingualism in the anterior cingulate cortex: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in two centers. Letras de Hoje, 53(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.15448/1984-7726.2018.1.30954 Wei, M., Joshi, A. A., Zhang, M., Mei, L., Manis, F. R., He, Q., … Lu, Z.-L. (2015). How age of acquisition influences brain architecture in bilinguals. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 36, 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2015.05.001 Wong, P. C. M., Warrier, C. M., Penhune, V. B., Roy, A. K., Sadehh, A., Parrish, T. B., & Zatorre, R. J. (2008). Volume of left Heschl’s Gyrus and linguistic pitch learning. Cerebral Cortex, 18(4), 828–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm115 Xiang, H., van Leeuwen, T. M., Dediu, D., Roberts, L., Norris, D. G., & Hagoort, P. (2015). L2-proficiency-dependent laterality shift in structural connectivity of brain language pathways. Brain Connectivity, 5(6), 349–361. Zatorre, R. J., Fields, R. ., & Johansen-Berg, H. (2013). Plasticity in Gray and White : Neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nature Neuroscience, 15(4), 528–536. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3045.Plasticity Zhang, H., Schneider, T., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A., & Alexander, D. C. (2012). NODDI: Practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain. NeuroImage, 61(4), 1000–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072 Zou, L., Ding, G., Abutalebi, J., Shu, H., & Peng, D. (2012). Structural plasticity of the left caudate in bimodal bilinguals. Cortex, 48(9), 1197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.022