Corresponding Author

E-mail address: n.bellouin@reading.ac.uk

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2109-9559

Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK

Correspondence to: N. Bellouin,

E-mail address: n.bellouin@reading.ac.uk

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7057-194X

Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3815-4756

Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Imperial College London, London, UK

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1191-0128

Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-4950

Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2328-5769

Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université/CNRS, Paris, France

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6800-154X

School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS‐Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4764-9600

Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0774-2926

NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8898-9949

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

Now at Institut für Geophysik und Meteorologie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6078-0171

Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-2599

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-6634

CEMPS, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

UK Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8885-3785

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2754-9226

CEMPS, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1418-4077

Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1148-6475

School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4309-476X

Center for International Climate and Environmental Research‐Oslo (CICERO), Oslo, Norway

Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9869-3946

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6996-8624

Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA

Now at Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4541-3277

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-3783

Department of Applied Energy, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Now at Faculty of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4493-4158

Climate Modelling and Air Pollution Section, Research and Development Department, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6288-310X

Brookhaven National Laboratory Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, NY, USA

Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-2430

Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-7803

Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK

Now at Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-0475

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany