Wang, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-1847, Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Bradlow, A., Chan, A. T. Y. and Bazuaye, E. (2024) Early detection of inflammatory arthritis to improve referrals using multimodal machine learning from blood testing, semi-structured and unstructured patient records. In: The 57th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 3-6 Jan 2024, Hawaii, pp. 3416-3424.

Grammatopoulos, D., Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Young, L. S. and Anderson, N. R. (2023) UK diagnostics in the era of ‘permacrisis’: is it fit for purpose and able to respond to the challenges ahead? Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 61 (11). e225-e226. ISSN 1437-4331 doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2023-0450

Chan, N. B., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Aung, T., Bazuaye, E. and Montero, R. M. (2023) Time in patterns: machine learning based blood glucose fluctuation pattern recognition for Type 1 diabetes management in continuous glucose monitoring. JMIR AI, 2023 (2). e45450. ISSN 2817-1705 doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/45450

Wang, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-1847, Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Bradlow, A., Bazuaye, E. and Chan, A. T. Y. (2023) Improving triaging from primary care into secondary care using heterogeneous data-driven hybrid machine learning. Decision Support Systems, 166. 113899. ISSN 0167-9236 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2022.113899

Xie, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9076-3874, Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Zhao, D., Jiang, P. and Modak, N. M. (2022) Effects of network externalities and recycling channels on closed-loop supply chain operation incorporating consumers’ dual preferences. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022. pp. 1-20. ISSN 1024-123X doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3347303

Xie, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9076-3874, Guo, T., Zhao, D., Jiang, P. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2022) A closed-loop supply chain operation problem under different recycling modes and patent licensing strategies. Sustainability, 14 (8). e4471. ISSN 2071-1050 doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084471

Xie, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9076-3874, Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Jiang, P., Han, X. and Qi, L. (2022) Cooperative advertising strategy selection problem for considering pricing and advertising decisions in a two-period online supply chain. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022. pp. 1-15. ISSN 1024-123X doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8922589

Dashtban, M. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2022) Predicting non-attendance in hospital outpatient appointments using Deep Learning Approach. Health Systems, 11 (3). pp. 189-210. ISSN 2047-6965 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20476965.2021.1924085

Nunan, J., Clarke, D., Malakouti, A., Tannetta, D., Calthrop, A., Xu, X. H., Chan, N. B., Khali, R., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Walden, A. P. (2020) Triage into the community for COVID-19 (TICC-19) patients pathway - service evaluation of the virtual monitoring of patients with COVID pneumonia. Acute Medicine Journal, 19 (4). pp. 173-252. ISSN 1747-4892 doi: https://doi.org/10.52964/AMJA.0826

Liu, L., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Aljohani, N. R., Lytras, M. D., Hassan, S.-U. and Nawaz, R. (2020) A framework to evaluate the interoperability of information systems – measuring the maturity of the business process alignment. International Journal of Information Management, 54. 102153. ISSN 0268-4012 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102153

Liu, S., Zhang, R., Shang, X. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2020) Analysis for warning factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus complications with Markov blanket based on a Bayesian network model. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 188. 105302. ISSN 1872-7565 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105302

Wang, T. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2020) Blood glucose forecasting using LSTM variants under the context of open source artificial pancreas system. In: 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 7-10 Jan 2020, Maui, Hawaii.

Dashtban, M. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2020) Predicting risk of hospital readmission for comorbidity patients through a novel deep learning framework. In: 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 7-10 Jan 2020, Maui, Hawaii.

Islam, A., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Johnson, K. and Lauchande, P. (2020) How far has integrated care come? Applying an asymmetric lens to inter-organisation trust amongst health and social care organisations. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16 (2). pp. 529-554. ISSN 1555-1938 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00583-8

Xu, Y., Shang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, R., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Xing, Y. (2019) A method to multi-attribute decision making with picture fuzzy information based on Muirhead mean. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 36 (4). pp. 3833-3849. ISSN 1875-8967 doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-172130

Xu, W., Shang, X., Wang, J. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2019) A novel approach to multi-attribute group decision-making based on interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy power Muirhead mean. Symmetry, 11 (3). 441. ISSN 2073-8994 doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym11030441

Wang, J., Zhang, R., Zhu, X., Zhou, Z., Shang, X. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2019) Some q-rung orthopair fuzzy Muirhead means with their application to multi-attribute group decision making. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 36 (2). pp. 1599-1614. ISSN 1875-8967 doi: https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-18607

Dashtban, M. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2019) Deep learning for predicting non-attendance in hospital outpatient appointments. In: 52nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), pp. 3731-3740.

Huang, H., Shang, X., Zhao, H., Wu, N., Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Xu, Y., Zhou, Y. and Lei, F. (2019) Discovering medication patterns for high-complexity drug-using diseases through electronic medical records. IEEE Access, 7. pp. 125280-125299. ISSN 2169-3536 doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2937892

Wang, W., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Zhang, N. and Liu, K. (2019) Portfolio formation with preselection using deep learning from long-term financial data. Expert Systems with Applications, 143. 113042. ISSN 0957-4174 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2019.113042

Heim, I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-4839, Kalyuzhnova, Y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5781-8837, Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Liu, K. (2019) Value co‐creation between foreign firms and indigenous small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kazakhstan's oil and gas industry: the role of information technology spillovers. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61 (6). pp. 911-927. ISSN 1520-6874 doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22067

Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Islam, A., Johnson, K., Lauchande, P., Shang, X. and Shen, X. (2018) Understanding inter-organizational trust among integrated care service provider networks: a perspective on organizational asymmetries. Health Policy, 122 (12). pp. 1356-1363. ISSN 0168-8510 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.09.003

Chen, D., Runtong, Z., Xiaopu, S., Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Zhao, H. (2018) Predicting the interaction between treatment processes and disease progression by using hidden Markov model. Symmetry. ISSN 2073-8994 (In Press)

Tian, B. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2018) Community detection method based on mixed-norm sparse subspace clustering. Neurocomputing, 275. pp. 2150-2161. ISSN 0925-2312 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2017.10.060

Xu, S., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Tang, L. C. M., Lin, Y. and Tang, Q. (2018) Artificial Intelligence assisted professional work in BIM: a machine reasoning extension. In: Creative Construction Conference 2018, 30 June - 3 July 2018, Radisson Blu Plaza, Ljubljana, Slovenia, pp. 16-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.3311/CCC2018-003

Liu, K., Nakata, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-6012, Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Baranauskas, C. (2018) Digitalisation, innovation and transformation. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 527 (1). Springer. ISBN 9783319945415 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94541-5

Liu, K., Nakata, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-6012, Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Baranauskas, C., eds. (2018) Digitalisation, innovation, and transformation. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 527. Springer, pp322. ISBN 9783319945415 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94541-5

Belitski, M., Fernandez, V., Khalil, S., Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Liu, K. (2018) Exploring the cloud computing loop in the strategic alignment model. In: Liu, K., Nakata, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-6012, Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Baranauskas, C. (eds.) Digitalisation, Innovation, and Transformation. Springer, pp. 117-124. ISBN 9783319945415 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94541-5_12

Wang, J., Zhang, R., Li, L., Shang, X., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Xu, Y. (2018) Some q-Rung orthopair fuzzy dual Maclaurin symmetric mean operators with their application to multiple criteria decision making. In: Knowledge and Systems Sciences 19th International Symposium, November 25-27 2018, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 252-266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3149-7_19

Liu, S. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2018) A framework to evaluate semiotic interoperability for information sharing. In: Liu, K., Nakata, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-6012, Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Baranauskas, C. (eds.) Digitalisation, Innovation, and Transformation. Springer, pp. 83-93. ISBN 9783319945415 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94541-5_9

Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K., Tang, Y. and Belitski, M. (2017) E-leadership for SMEs in the digital age. In: Ellermann, H., Kreutter, P. and Messner, W. (eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of Managing Continuous Business Transformation. Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 375-416. ISBN 9781137602275

Xu, S., Liu, K., Tang, L. C.M. T. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2016) A framework for integrating syntax, semantics and pragmatics for computer-aided professional practice: With application of costing in construction industry. Computers in Industry, 83. pp. 28-45. ISSN 0166-3615 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2016.08.004

Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Yang, G. (2016) Best practice of "Internet+" hospital: seamless medical services across whole process. China Digital Medicine, 2016 (5). pp. 31-33. ISSN 1673-7571 doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-7571.2016.05.009

Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K., Belitski, M., Ghobadian, A. and O'Regan, N. (2016) e-Leadership through strategic alignment: an empirical study of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the digital age. Journal of Information Technology, 31 (2). pp. 185-206. ISSN 0268-3962 doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2016.10

Diego, F., Liu, K. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2016) Organisational responsiveness through signs. In: 17th International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations Socially Aware Organisations and Technologies: Impact and Challenges, 1-3 August 2016, Campinas, Brazil.

Belitski, M., Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Liu, K. (2015) E-leadership in organisations: facilitating IT-business alignment for innovation and high-growth. In: The 23rd European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2015), May 26th 2015, Münster, Germany.

Liu, S., Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Liu, K. (2015) Assessing pragmatic interoperability for process alignment in collaborative working environment. In: 16th IFIP WG 8.1 International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations, ICISO 2015, March 19–20, 2015, Toulouse, France,, pp. 60-69.

Liu, K., Nakata, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-6012, Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Galarreta, D., eds. (2015) Information and knowledge management in complex systems. Springer, pp236. ISBN 9783319162737

Liu, K. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2015) Organisational semiotics for business informatics. Routledge. ISBN 9780415823555

Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K. and Lui, S. (2015) Semiotics in interoperation for information systems working collaboratively. In: Fred, A., Dietz, J. L. G., Liu, K. and Filipe, J. (eds.) Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management. Communications in Computer and Information Science (454). Springer, Berlin, pp. 370-386. ISBN 9783662465493 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46549-3_24

Chen, J. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2015) The relationship between flexible human resource management and enterprise innovation performance: a study from organizational learning capability perspective. In: 16th International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations, 19-20 March 2015, Toulouse, France, pp. 204-214.

Yang, H., Pu, W. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2014) Top architecture design of hospital information systems. People's Military Doctor Press.

Fuentealba, D., Liu, K. and Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2014) An approach to develop flexible systems with organizational-interoperability requirements. In: 6th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, 21 - 24 October 2014, Rome, Italy.

Liu, S., Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Liu, K. (2014) Assessing pragmatic interoperability of information systems from a semiotic perspective. In: 15th International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations, 23 - 25 May 2014, Shanghai, China, pp. 32-41.

Liu, S., Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Liu, K. (2014) Pragmatic oriented data interoperability for smart healthcare information systems. In: The 14th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing, 26 - 29 May 2014, Chicago, USA.

Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2014) Clinical pathway enhanced by knowledge management: a critical step towards medical quality improvement. In: Michell, V., Rosenorn-Lanng, D. J., Gulliver, S. R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-5448 and Currie, W. (eds.) Handbook of Research on Patient Safety and Quality Care through Health Informatics. IGI Global, pp. 138-157. ISBN 9781466645462 doi: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4546-2.ch008

Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K., Yang, H. and Yu, C. (2014) Integrated clinical pathway management for medical quality improvement-based on a semiotically inspired systems architecture. European journal of Information Systems, 23 (4). pp. 400-417. ISSN 1476-9344 doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2013.9

Xu, S., Liu, K. and Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2014) Knowledge-based design cost estimation through extending industry foundation classes. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, ICEIS2014, 27 - 30 April 2014, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 161-168.

Liu, K., Gulliver, S. R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-5448, Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Yu, C., eds. (2014) Service Science and Knowledge Innovation: Proceedings of 15th IFIP WG 8.1 International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations, ICISO 2014, Shanghai, China, May 23-24, 2014,. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Vol. 426. Springer, London, pp480. ISBN 9783642553554

Huang, L., Huang, G., Zhang, Y. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2014) A component data-focused method to build the executable model for a DoDAF compliant architecture. In: 15th International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations, 23 - 24 May 2014, Shanghai, China.

Liu, K., Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 and Gulliver, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-5448 (2013) Web of things, people and information systems (ICISO 2013). SCITEPRESS Science and Technology Publication. ISBN 9789898565518 (Proceedings of the 14th International conference in Informatics and semiotics in organisations)

Liu, S., Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K. and Han, J. (2013) Evaluation frameworks for information systems integration: from a semiotic lens. In: The 3rd International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Science, 21 - 24 August 2013, Reading, UK, pp. 559-568.

Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K. and Liu, S. (2013) Semiotic interoperability- a critical step towards systems integration. In: International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Information Retrieval and the International Conference on Knowledge, Management and Information Sharing, 19 - 22 September 2013, Vilamoura, Algarve, Portugal, pp. 508-513.

Liu, S., Liu, K. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2013) A multi-agent system for pervasive healthcare. In: 14th International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisation (ICISO), 25 -27 Mar 2013, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 97-105.

Yang, H., Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K. and Zhang, J. (2012) Knowledge-based clinical pathway for medical quality improvement. Information Systems Frontiers, 14 (1). pp. 105-117. ISSN 1572-9419 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-011-9307-z

Yang, H., Li, S., Zhao, J. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2010) Clinical pathway modelling based on organizational semiotics and agent technology. Computer Simulation, 5 (2). pp. 266-273.

Yang, H., Liu, K. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2010) Adaptive requirement-driven architecture for integrated healthcare systems. Journal of Computers, 5 (2). pp. 186-193. ISSN 1796-203X

Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K., Li, S. and Yang, H. (2010) A semiotic multi-agent modeling approach for clinical pathway management. Journal of Computers, 5 (2). pp. 266-273. ISSN 1796-203X

Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K., Li, S. and Yang, H. (2009) An agent based approach for customized clinical pathway. In: IFITA’09. International Forum on Information Technology and Applications.

Yang, H., Li, S., Zhao, J. and Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2009) Study of semantic and norm analysis for adaptive clinical pathway modelling. Journal of Computer Engineering and Application, 45 (6). pp. 229-231.

Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Gao, H., Yan, Z. and Liu, K. (2009) Dynamic agility of inter-organizational processes. In: IEEE Symposium on Advanced Management of Information for Globalized Enterprises, 28-29 Sep 2008, Tianjin, China, pp. 51-55.

Yang, H. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2009) Modeling requirement driven architecture of adaptive healthcare system based on semiotics. In: International Forum on Information Technology and Applications (IFITA '09), 15-17 May 2009, Chengdu, China, pp. 723-728.

Yang, H., Liu, X., Fei, W. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2009) Multi-agent based modeling and simulation of complex system in hospital. In: 16th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 21-23 Oct 2009, Beijing, China.

Li, W. (V.) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K., Li, S. and Yang, H. (2009) Norm based agent for generating personalized process. In: 11th ICISO (IFIP WG8.1 Working Conference): Information systems in the changing era: theory & practice, 11-12 Apr 2009, Beijing, China, pp. 86-93.

Yang, H., Li, S.-z., Zhao, J.-p. and Li, W.-z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2009) Study of clinical pathway based on organizational semiotics methods. Computer Engineering and Design, 13. pp. 3189-3192. ISSN 1000-7024

Yang, H. and Li, W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2009) An ontology-based approach for data integration in regionally interoperable healthcare systems. In: 11th International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations (ICISO 2009), 11-12 Apr 2009, Beijing, China, pp. 93-96.

Li, S., Yang, H., Zhao, J. and Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185 (2009) A semiotic approach of multi-agent simulation for policy evaluation. In: 16th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 21-23 Oct 2009, Beijing, China, pp. 1679-1683. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIEEM.2009.5344330

Li, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2878-3185, Liu, K., Li, S. and Yang, H. (2008) Normative modeling for personalized clinical pathway using organizational semiotics methods. In: 2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology, 20-22 December 2008, Shanghai.