Article

Allan, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-9447 and Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2025) Reconciling Earth’s growing energy imbalance with ocean warming. Environmental Research Letters. ISSN 1748-9326 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/adb448 (In Press)

Liu, M., Guan, L., Liu, F., Sheng, Z., Li, Z. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2025) Dynamic optimal estimation with atmospheric correction smoothing for sea surface skin temperature retrieval from infrared satellite imagery. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 63. 5000417. ISSN 1558-0644 doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3519214

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Allan, R. P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-9447 and Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 (2025) Quantifying the acceleration of multidecadal global sea surface warming driven by Earth’s energy imbalance. Environmental Research Letters, 20 (2). 024037. ISSN 1748-9326 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8a

Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Maidment, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-3259, Ghent, D. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2024) Stability of cloud detection methods for Land Surface Temperature (LST) Climate Data Records (CDRs). Remote Sensing of Environment, 315. 114440. ISSN 1879-0704 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2024.114440

González-Haro, C., Isern-Fontanet, J., Turiel, A., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Cornillon, P. (2024) Structural and dynamical quality assessment of gap-filled sea surface temperature products. Earth and Space Science, 11 (10). e2023EA003088. ISSN 2333-5084 doi: 10.1029/2023EA003088

Govekar, P., Griffin, C., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Mittaz, J., Beggs, H. M. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2024) Himawari-8 sea surface temperature products from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Remote Sensing, 16 (18). 3381. ISSN 2072-4292 doi: 10.3390/rs16183381

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Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Mecking, J. V., Harvey, B. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6510-8181, Jevrejeva, S., McCarroll, N. F., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Sinha, B. (2023) Dynamic sea-level changes and potential implications for storm surges in the UK: a storylines perspective. Environmental Research Letters, 18 (4). 044033. ISSN 1748-9326 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/acc6df

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Liu, M., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Liu, J., Song, Q. and Guan, L. (2022) Retrieval of sea surface temperature from HY-1B COCTS. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 60. 5002913. ISSN 0196-2892 doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2022.3190444

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Pearson, K., Good, S., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Prigent, C., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 and Donlon, C. (2019) Sea surface temperature in global analyses: gains from the copernicus imaging microwave radiometer. Remote Sensing, 11 (20). 2362. ISSN 2072-4292 doi: 10.3390/rs11202362

Giering, R., Quast, R., Mittaz, J. p. D., Hunt, S. E., Harris, P. M., Wooliams, E. R. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2019) A novel framework to harmonise satellite data series for climate applications. Remote Sensing, 11 (9). 1002. ISSN 2072-4292 doi: 10.3390/rs11091002

Robson, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3467-018X, Sutton, R. T. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-8583, Archibald, A., Cooper, F., Christensen, M., Gray, L. J., Holliday, N. P., Macintosh, C., McMillan, M., Moat, B., Russo, M., Tilling, R., Carslaw, K., Desbruyères, D., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Feltham, D. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-014X, Grosvenor, D. P., Josey, S., King, B., Lewis, A., McCarthy, G. D., Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, New, A. L., O'Reilly, C. H., Osprey, S. M., Read, K., Scaife, A., Shepherd, A., Sinha, B., Smeed, D., Smith, D., Ridout, A., Woollings, T. and Yang, M. (2018) Recent multivariate changes in the North Atlantic climate system, with a focus on 2005-2016. International Journal of Climatology, 38 (12). pp. 5050-5076. ISSN 0899-8418 doi: 10.1002/joc.5815

Woolway, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968, Verburg, P., Lenters, J. D., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Hamilton, D. P., Brookes, J., de Eyto, E., Kelly, S., Healey, N. C., Hook, S., Laas, A., Pierson, D., Rusak, J. A., Kuha, J., Karjalainen, J., Kallio, K., Lepisto, A. and Jones, I. D. (2018) Geographic and temporal variations in turbulent heat loss from lakes: a global analysis across 45 lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 63 (6). pp. 2436-2449. ISSN 0024-3590 doi: 10.1002/lno.10950

Morrison, W., Kotthaus, S., Grimmond, C. S. B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3166-9415, Inagaki, A., Tin, T., Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.-P., Kanda, M. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2018) A novel method to obtain three-dimensional urban surface temperature from ground-based thermography. Remote Sensing of Environment, 215. pp. 268-283. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.004

Liu, M., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Guan, L. and Mittaz, J. P. D. (2018) Inter-calibration of HY-1B/COCTS thermal infrared channels with MetOp-A/IASI. Remote Sensing, 10 (8). 1173. ISSN 2072-4292 doi: 10.3390/rs10081173

Zhang, H., Beggs, H., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Wang, X. H., Majewski, L., Kiss, A. E., Rodriguez, J., Thorpe, L., Gentemann, C. and Brunke, M. (2018) Comparison of SST diurnal variation models over the Tropical Warm Pool region. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (5). pp. 3467-3488. ISSN 2169-9291 doi: 10.1029/2017JC013517

Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Ghent, D., Klueser, L., Popp, T., Poulsen, C. and Sogacheva, L. (2018) Quantifying uncertainty in satellite-retrieved land surface temperature from cloud detection errors. Remote Sensing, 10 (4). 616. ISSN 2072-4292 doi: 10.3390/rs10040616

Woolway, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968 and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2018) Intralake heterogeneity of thermal responses to climate change: a study of large northern hemisphere lakes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123 (6). pp. 3087-3098. ISSN 2169-8996 doi: 10.1002/2017JD027661

Berry, D. I., Corlett, G. K., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2018) Stability assessment of the (A)ATSR sea surface temperature climate dataset from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative. Remote Sensing, 10 (1). 126. ISSN 2072-4292 doi: 10.3390/rs10010126

Carella, G., Kennedy, J. J., Berry, D. I., Hirahara, S., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Morak-Bozzo, S. and Kent, E. C. (2018) Estimating sea surface temperature measurement methods using characteristic differences in the diurnal cycle. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (1). pp. 363-371. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1002/2017gl076475

Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Mittaz, J. P.D., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Eastwood, S. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2018) Bayesian cloud detection for 37 Years of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Area Coverage (GAC) data. Remote Sensing, 10 (1). 97. ISSN 2072-4292 doi: 10.3390/rs10010097

Pearson, K., Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 and Donlon, C. (2018) The role of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 channels within an optimal estimation scheme for sea surface temperature. Remote Sensing, 10 (1). 90. ISSN 2072-4292 doi: 10.3390/rs10010090 (special issue 'Sea Surface Temperature Retrievals from Remote Sensing')

Global Sea Level Budget Group, W. C. R. P., Cazenave, A. and Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2018) Global sea level budget 1993-present. Earth System Science Data, 10 (3). pp. 1551-1590. ISSN 1866-3516 doi: 10.5194/essd-2018-53

Block, T., Embacher, S., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Donlon, C. (2018) High performance software framework for the calculation of satellite-to-satellite data matchups (MMS version 1.2). Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (6). pp. 2419-2427. ISSN 1991-9603 doi: 10.5194/gmd-11-2419-2018

Woolway, I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968, Carrea, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-2767, Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Dokulil, M. T., de Eyto, E., DeGasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rimmer, A., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Shimaraeva, S. V., Silow, E. A., Timofeyev, M. A., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S. and Weyhenmeyer, G. A. (2018) Lake surface temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2017”]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99 (8). S13-S15. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

Bentamy, A., Piollé, J. F., Grouazel, A., Danielson, R., Gulev, S., Paul, F., Azelmat, H., Mathieu, P. P., von Schuckmann, K., Sathyendranath, S., Evers-King, H., Esau, I., Johannessen, J. A., Clayson, C. A., Pinker, R. T., Grodsky, S. A., Bourassa, M., Smith, S. R., Haines, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2768-2374, Valdivieso, M., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Chapron, B., Anderson, A., Hollmann, R. and Josey, S. A. (2017) Review and assessment of latent and sensible heat flux accuracy over the global oceans. Remote Sensing of Environment, 201. pp. 196-218. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.08.016

Woolway, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968, Verburg, P., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Lenters, J. D., Hamilton, D. P., Brookes, J., Kelly, S., Hook, S., Laas, A., Pierson, D., Rimmer, A., Rusak, J. A. and Jones, I. D. (2017) Latitude and lake size are important predictors of over-lake atmospheric stability. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (17). pp. 8875-8883. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1002/2017GL073941

Kent, E. C., Kennedy, J. J., Smith, T. M., Hirahara, S., Huang, B., Kaplan, A., Parker, D. E., Atkinson, C. P., Berry, D. I., Carella, G., Fukuda, Y., Ishii, M., Jones, P. D., Lindgren, F., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Morak-Bozzo, S., Rayner, N. A., Venema, V., Yasui, S. and Zhang, H.-M. (2017) A call for new approaches to quantifying biases in observations of sea-surface temperature. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98 (8). pp. 1601-1616. ISSN 0003-0007 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00251.1

Carella, G., Morris, A. K. R., Pascal, R. W., Yelland, M. J., Berry, D. I., Morak-Bozzo, S., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Kent, E. C. (2017) Measurements and models of the temperature change of water samples in Sea Surface Temperature buckets. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 143 (706). pp. 2198-2209. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.3078

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Paul, F., Popp, T., Ablain, M., Bontemps, S., Defourny, P., Hollmann, R., Lavergne, T., Laeng, A., de Leeuw, G., Mittaz, J., Poulsen, C., Povey, A. C., Reuter, M., Sathyendranath, S., Sandven, S., Sofeiva, V. F. and Wagner, W. (2017) Uncertainty information in climate data records from Earth observation. Earth System Science Data, 9 (2). pp. 511-527. ISSN 1866-3516 doi: 10.5194/essd-9-511-2017

Woolway, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968, Carrea, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-2767, Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Dokulil, M., de Eyto, E., DeGasperi, C., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A., Rimmer, A., Rusak, J., Schladow, G., Schmid, M., Shimaraeva, S., Silow, E., Timofeev, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S. and Weyhenmeyer, G. (2017) Lake surface temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2016”]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98 (8). pp. 13-14. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

Woolway, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968, Dokulil, M. T., Marszelewski, W., Schmid, M., Bouffard, D. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2017) Warming of Central European lakes and their response to the 1980s climate regime shift. Climatic Change, 142 (3-4). pp. 505-520. ISSN 0165-0009 doi: 10.1007/s10584-017-1966-4

Meyssignac, B., Piecuch, C. G., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Racault, M.-F., Palanisamy, H., MacIntosh, C., Sathyendranath, S. and Brewin, R. (2017) Causes of the regional variability in observed sea level, sea surface temperature and ocean colour over the period 1993-2011. Surveys in Geophysics, 38 (1). pp. 187-215. ISSN 1573-0956 doi: 10.1007/s10712-016-9383-1

MacIntosh, C. R., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and von Schuckmann, K. (2017) Uncertainties in steric sea level change estimation during the satellite altimeter era: concepts and practices. Surveys in Geophysics, 38 (1). ISSN 0169-3298 doi: 10.1007/s10712-016-9387-x

Woolway, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968 and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2017) Amplified surface temperature response of cold, deep lakes to inter-annual air temperature variability. Scientific Reports, 7 (1). 4130. ISSN 2045-2322 doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04058-0

Lauer, A., Eyring, V., Righi, M., Buchwitz, M., Defourny, P., Evaldsson, M., Friedlingstein, P., de Jeu, R., de Leeuw, G., Loew, A., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Müller, B., Popp, T., Reuter, M., Sandven, S., Senftleben, D., Stengel, M., van Roozendael, M., Wenzel, S. and Willen, U. (2017) Benchmarking CMIP5 models with a subset of ESA CCI Phase 2 data using the ESMValTool. Remote Sensing of Environment, 203. pp. 9-39. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.007

Woolway, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968, Cinque, K., de Eyto, E., DeGasperi, C., Dokulil, M., Korhonen, J., Maberly, S., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Paterson, A., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rusak, J., Schladow, G., Schmid, M., Teubner, K., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Watanabe, S. and Weyhenmeyer, G. (2016) Lake surface temperature [in "State of the climate in 2015"]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97 (8). S17-S18. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

Morak-Bozzo, S., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Kent, E. C., Berry, D. I. and Carella, G. (2016) Climatological diurnal variability in sea surface temperature characterized from drifting buoy data. Geoscience Data Journal, 3 (1). pp. 20-28. ISSN 2049-6060 doi: 10.1002/gdj3.35

Layden, A., MacCallum, S. N. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2016) Determining lake surface water temperatures worldwide using a tuned one-dimensional lake model (FLake, v1). Geoscientific Model Development, 9 (6). pp. 2167-2189. ISSN 1991-9603 doi: 10.5194/gmd-9-2167-2016

Sobrino, J. A., Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., Sòria, G., Ruescas, A. B., Danne, O., Brockmann, C., Ghent, D., Remedios, J., North, P., Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Berger, M., Mathieu, P. P. and Göttsche, F.-M. (2016) Synergistic use of MERIS and AATSR as a proxy for estimating Land Surface Temperature from Sentinel-3 data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 179. pp. 149-161. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.03.035

Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Corlett, G. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2016) Independent uncertainty estimates for coefficient based sea surface temperature retrieval from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer instruments. Remote Sensing of Environment, 178. pp. 213-222. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.022

Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2016) Sampling uncertainty in gridded sea surface temperature products and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Area Coverage (GAC) data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 117. pp. 287-294. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.021

Politi, E., MacCallum, S., Cutler, M. E. J., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Rowan, J. S. and Dawson, T. P. (2016) Selection of a network of large lakes and reservoirs suitable for global environmental change analysis using Earth Observation. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 37 (13). pp. 3042-3060. ISSN 0143-1161 doi: 10.1080/01431161.2016.1192702

Layden, A., Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and MacCallum, S. (2015) Global climatology of surface water temperatures of large lakes by remote sensing. International Journal of Climatology, 35 (15). pp. 4464-4479. ISSN 0899-8418 doi: 10.1002/joc.4299

Carrea, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-2767, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2015) Datasets related to in-land water for limnology and remote sensing applications: distance-to-land, distance-to-water, water-body identifier and lake-centre co-ordinates. Geoscience Data Journal, 2 (2). pp. 83-97. ISSN 2049-6060 doi: 10.1002/gdj3.32

Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Eastwood, S., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Donlon, C. (2015) Sea surface temperature climate change initiative: alternative image classification algorithms for sea-ice affected oceans. Remote Sensing of Environment, 162. pp. 396-407. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.11.022

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, de Leeuw, G. and Wagner, W. (2015) Selecting algorithms for Earth observation of climate within the European Space Agency Climate Change initiative: introduction to a special issue. Remote Sensing of Environment, 162. pp. 239-241. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2015.02.017

Dodd, E. M. A., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Rayner, N. A. and Morice, C. P. (2015) An investigation into the impact of using various techniques to estimate Arctic surface air temperature anomalies. Journal of Climate, 28 (5). pp. 1743-1763. ISSN 1520-0442 doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00250.1

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Roberts-Jones, J., Fiedler, E., Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Corlett, G. K., Good, S., McLaren, A., Rayner, N., Morak-Bozzo, S. and Donlon, C. (2014) Sea surface temperature datasets for climate applications from Phase 1 of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (SST CCI). Geoscience Data Journal, 1 (2). pp. 179-191. ISSN 2049-6060 doi: 10.1002/gdj3.20

Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Sembhi, H., Ghent, D., Remedios, J. J. and Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2014) Cloud clearing techniques over land for land surface temperature retrieval from the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 35 (10). pp. 3594-3615. ISSN 0143-1161 doi: 10.1080/01431161.2014.907941

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Matthiesen, S., Rayner, N. A., Remedios, J. J., Jones, P. D., Olesen, F., Trewin, B., Thorne, P. W., Auchmann, R., Corlett, G. K., Guillevic, P. C. and Hulley, G. C. (2013) The surface temperatures of Earth: steps towards integrated understanding of variability and change. Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems, 2 (2). pp. 305-321. ISSN 2193-0864 doi: 10.5194/gi-2-305-2013

Hollman, R., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Saunders, R., Downy, C., Buchwitz, M., Cazenave, A., Chuvieco, E., Defourny, P., de Leeuw, G., Forsberg, R., Holzer-Popp, T., Paul, F., Sandven, S., Sathyendranath, S., van Roozendael, M. and Wagner, W. (2013) The ESA climate change initiative: satellite data records for essential climate variables. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 94 (10). ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00254.1

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Le Borgne, P., Roquet, H. and Legendre, G. (2013) Extended optimal estimation techniques for sea surface temperature from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI). Remote Sensing of Environment, 131. pp. 287-297. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.019

Reynolds, R. W., Chelton, D. B., Roberts-Jones, J., Martin, M. J., Menemenlis, D. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2013) Objective determination of feature resolution in two sea surface temperature analyses. Journal of Climate, 26 (8). pp. 2514-2533. ISSN 1520-0442 doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00787.1

Hook, S. R., Wilson, R. C., MacCallum, S. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2012) [Global climate] Lake surface temperature [in "State of the climate in 2011"]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93 (7). S18-S19. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/2012BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

MacCallum, S.N. and Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2012) Surface water temperature observations of large lakes by optimal estimation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 38 (1). pp. 25-45. ISSN 1712-7971 doi: 10.5589/m12-010

Good, E. J., Kong, X., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2012) An infrared desert dust index for the Along-Track Scanning Radiometers. Remote Sensing of Environment, 116. pp. 159-176. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.06.016

Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2012) A reprocessing for climate of sea surface temperature from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometers: a new retrieval scheme. Remote Sensing of Environment, 116. pp. 47-61. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.11.020

Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Filipiak, M.J. (2012) A reprocessing for climate of sea surface temperature from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometers: basis in radiative transfer. Remote Sensing of Environment, 116. pp. 32-46. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.10.016

Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Corlett, G.K. (2012) A reprocessing for climate of sea surface temperature from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometers: initial validation, accounting for skin and diurnal variability. Remote Sensing of Environment, 116. pp. 62-78. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.028

Filipiak, M. J., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Kettle, H. and Le Borgne, P. (2012) A statistical model for sea surface diurnal warming driven by numercial weather predictions fluxes and winds. Ocean Science, 8 (2). pp. 197-209. ISSN 1812-0784 doi: 10.5194/os-8-197-2012

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Rayner, N. A., Berry, D. I., Corlett, G., Lean, K., Veal, K. L., Kent, E. C., Llewellyn-Jones, D., Remedios, J. J. and Saunders, R. (2012) A twenty-year independent record of sea surface temperature for climate from Along-track Scanning Radiometers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117. C12013. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/2012JC008400

Le Borgne, P., Roquet, H. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2011) Estimation of sea surface temperature from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra Red Imager, improved using numerical weather prediction. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115 (1). pp. 55-65. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.08.004

Bulgin, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-7386, Palmer, P. I., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Siddans, R., Gonzi, S., Poulsen, C. A., Thomas, G. E., Sayer, A. M., Carboni, E., Granger, R. G., Highwood, E. and Ryder, C. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9892-6113 (2011) Quantifying the response of the ORAC aerosol optical depth retrieval for MSG SEVIRI to aerosol model assumptions. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 116 (D5). D05208. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/2010JD014483

Scott, V., Kettle, H. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2011) Sensitivity analysis of an ocean carbon cycle model in the North Atlantic: an investigation of parameters affecting the air-sea CO2 flux, primary production and export of detritus. Ocean Science, 7 (3). pp. 405-419. ISSN 1812-0784 doi: 10.5194/os-7-405-2011

Mackie, S., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 and Francis, P. (2010) Generalised Bayesian cloud detection for satellite imagery. part 2: technique and validation for day-time imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31 (10). pp. 2595-2621. ISSN 0143-1161 doi: 10.1080/01431160903051711

Mackie, S., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Old, C., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Francis, P. (2010) Generalized Bayesian cloud detection for satellite imagery. part 1: technique and validation for night-time imagery over land and sea. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31 (10). pp. 2573-2594. ISSN 0143-1161 doi: 10.1080/01431160903051703

Donlon, C. J., Casey, K. S., Robinson, I. S., Gentemann, C. L., Reynolds, R. W., Barton, I., Arino, O., Stark, J., Rayner, N., Le Borgne, P., Poulter, D., Vazquez-Cuervo, J., Armstrong, E., Beggs, H., Llewelly-Jones, D., Minnett, P. J., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Evans, R. (2009) The GODAE high resolution sea surface temperature pilot project. Oceanography, 22 (3). pp. 34-45. ISSN 1042-8275 doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2009.64

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Harris, A. R., Roquet, H. and Le Borgne, P. (2009) Retrieval characteristics of non-linear sea surface temperature from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Geophysical Research Letters, 36 (17). L17604. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/2009GL039843

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Harris, A. R., Maturi, E., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, MacCallum, S. N., Mittaz, J. and Old, C. P. (2009) Sea surface temperature estimation from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 12 (GOES-12). Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26 (3). pp. 570-581. ISSN 1520-0426 doi: 10.1175/2008JTECHO596.1

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Le Borgne, P., Roquet, H. and Marsouin, A. (2009) Sea surface temperature from a geostationary satellite by optimal estimation. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113 (2). pp. 445-457. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2008.10.012

Kettle, H., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Jeffrey, C. D., Filipiak, M. J. and Gentemann, C. L. (2009) The impact of diurnal variability in sea surface temperature on the atlantic air-sea CO2 flux. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9 (2). pp. 529-541. ISSN 1680-7316 doi: 10.5194/acp-9-529-2009

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Llewellyn-Jones, D., Saunders, R. W., Rayner, N. A., Kent, E. C., Old, C. P., Berry, D., Birks, A. R., Blackmore, T., Corlett, G. K., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Jay, V. L., Kennedy, J., Mutlow, C. T., Nightingale, T. J., O'Carrol, A. G., Pritchard, M. J., Remedios, J. J. and Tett, S. (2008) Deriving a sea surface temperature record suitable for climate change research from the along-track scanning radiometers. Advances in Space Research, 41 (1). pp. 1-11. ISSN 0273-1177 doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2007.07.041

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Filipiak, M. J., Le Borgne, P., Roquet, H., Autret, E., Piolle, J.-F. and Lavender, S. (2008) Diurnal warm-layer events in the western Mediterranean and European shelf seas. Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (4). L04601. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/2007GL033071

Kettle, H. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2008) Modeling ocean primary production: sensitivity to spectral resolution of attenuation and absorption of light. Progress in Oceanography, 78 (2). pp. 135-146. ISSN 0079-6611 doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2008.04.002

Gentemann, C. L., Minnett, P. J., Le Borgne, P. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2008) Multi-satellite measurements of large diurnal warming events. Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (22). L22602. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/2008GL035730

Maturi, E., Harris, A., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Mittaz, J., Potash, B., Meng, W. and Sapper, J. (2008) NOAA's sea surface temperature products from operational geostationary satellites. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89 (12). pp. 1877-1888. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/2008BAMS2528.1

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Le Borgne, P., Marsouin, A. and Roquet, H. (2008) Optimal estimation of sea surface temperature from split-window observations. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112 (5). pp. 2469-2484. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2007.11.011

Donlon, C., Robinson, I., Casey, K., Vasquez, J., Armstrong, E., Gentemann, C., May, D., Le Borgne, P., Piolle, J., Barton, I., Beggs, H., Poulter, D.J.S., Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Bingham, A., Heinz, S., Harris, A., Wick, G., Emery, B., Stuart-Menteth, A., Minnett, P., Evans, B., Llewellyn-Jones, D., Mutlow, C., Reynolds, R., Kawamura, H. and Rayner, N. (2007) The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project (GHRSST-PP). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88 (8). pp. 1197-1213. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-88-8-1197

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Horrocks, L.A., Eyre, J.R. and O'Carroll, A.G. (2006) Retrievals of sea surface temperature from infrared imagery: origin and form of systematic errors. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 132. pp. 1205-1223. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1256/qj.05.143

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Le Borgne, P. and Bellec, B. (2006) Saharan dust in night-time thermal imagery: detection and reduction of related biases in retrieved sea surface temperature. Remote Sensing of Environment, 104. pp. 15-30. ISSN 0034-4257

Corlett, G.K., Barton, I.J., Donlon, C.J., Edwards, M.C., Good, S.A., Horrocks, L.A., Llewellyn-Jones, D.T., Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Minnett, P.J., Nightingale, T.J., Noyes, E.J., O'Carroll, A.G., Remedios, J.J., Robinson, I.S., Saunders, R.W. and Watts, J.G. (2006) The accuracy of SST retrievals from AATSR: An initial assessment through geophysical validation against in situ radiometers, buoys and other SST data sets. Advances in Space Research, 37 (4). pp. 764-769. ISSN 0273-1177

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Harris, A.R., Maturi, E. and MacCallum, S. (2005) Probabilistic physically-based cloud screening of satellite infra-red imagery for operational sea surface temperature retrieval. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131 (611). pp. 2735-2755. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1256/qj.05.15

Nowicki, S. M. J. and Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2004) Observations of diurnal and spatial variability of radiative forcing by equatorial deep convective clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109. D11202. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/2003JD004176

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Le Borgne, P. (2004) Retrieval of sea surface temperature from space based on modeling of infrared radiative transfer: capabilities and limitations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 21 (11). pp. 1734-1746. ISSN 1520-0426 doi: 10.1175/JTECH1667.1

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Simpson, J. J. and Harris, A. R. (2003) A cross-calibration of GMS-5 thermal channels against ATSR-2. Remote Sensing of Environment, 84 (2). pp. 268-282. ISSN 0034-4257 doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00112-8

Murray, M.J., Allan, M.R., Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Harris, A.R. and Donlon, C.J. (2000) Direct observations of Skin-Bulk SST variability. Geophysical Research Letters, 27 (8). pp. 1171-1174. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/1999GL011133

Saunders, M.A., Chandler, R.E., Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Roberts, F.P. (2000) Atlantic hurricanes and NW Pacific typhoons: ENSO spatial impacts on occurrence and landfall. Geophysical Research Letters, 27 (8). pp. 1147-1150. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/1999GL010948

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Harris, A.R. (1999) Toward the elimination of bias in satellite retrievals of skin sea surface temperature. 2: Comparison with in situ measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (C10). ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1999JC900106

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Harris, A.R., Murray, M.J. and Zavody, A.M. (1999) Toward the elimination of bias in satellite retrievals of skin sea surface temperature 1. Theory, modeling and inter-algorithm comparison. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (C10). pp. 23565-23578. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1999JC900105

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Saunders, M.A. (1998) Infrared satellite retrievals in the presence of stratospheric aerosol. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 15 (3). ISSN 1520-0426 doi: 10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0835:ISRITP>2.0.CO;2

Murray, M.J., Allen, M.R.,, Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Harris, A.R. (1998) Potential for improved ATSR dual-view SST retrieval. Geophysical Research Letters, 25 (17). pp. 3363-3366. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/98GL02389

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (1995) Allocating extremely-low frequency magnetic-field exposure between sources. Journal of Radiological Protection, 15 (3). ISSN 1361-6498 doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/15/3/010

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (1995) Correlation of residential magnetic fields, road type and traffic in the UK. Journal of Radiological Protection, 15 (3). ISSN 1361-6498 doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/15/3/009

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Renew, D.C. and Swanson, J. (1994) Exposures to power-frequency magnetic fields in the home. Journal of Radiological Protection, 14 (1). ISSN 1361-6498 doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/14/1/008

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Renew, D.C. and Swanson, J. (1994) Occupational exposures to power-frequency magnetic fields in the electricity supply industry. Journal of Radiological Protection, 14 (2). ISSN 1361-6498 doi: 10.1088/0952-4746/14/2/006

Book or Report Section

Kent, E. C., Chan, D., Cornes, R. C., Neilsen-Englyst, P., Kajtar, J. B., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Thorne, P. W., Wallis, E. J. and Woolway, R. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0498-7968 (2025) Global surface temperatures. In: Letcher, T. and Fthenakis, V. M. (eds.) Energy and Climate Change: Our New Future. Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 85-120. ISBN 9780443219276

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Gentemann, C., Kennedy, J. J., Kent, E. C., Minnett, P. J. and While, J. (2023) Sea surface temperature validation and blended analysis. In: Nalli, N. R. (ed.) Field Measurements for Passive Environmental Remote Sensing. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 337-350, 436 pages. ISBN 9780128239537 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823953-7.00019-8

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828 (2014) Simulation and inversion of satellite thermal measurements. In: Zibordi, G., Donlon, C. J. and Parr, A. C. (eds.) Optical radiometry for ocean climate measurements. Experimental methods in the physical sciences, 47 (47). Academic Press, pp. 489-526. ISBN 9780124170117 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-417011-7.00015-5

Sobrino, J., Jiménez-Muñoz, J., Brockmann, C., Ruescas, A., Danne, O., North, P., Heckel, A., Davies, W., Berger, M., Merchant, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Mitraka, Z. and Sòria, G. (2013) Land surface temperature retrieval from Sentinel 2 and 3 Missions. In: Ouwehand, L. (ed.) Proceedings of the Sentinel-3 OLCI/SLSTR and MERIS/(A)ATSR Workshop 15–19 October 2012 Frascati, Italy. ESA Communications. ISBN 9789290922759 (SP-711)

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2013) Thermal remote sensing of sea surface temperature. In: Kuenzer, C. and Dech, S. (eds.) Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing: Sensors, Methods, Applications. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, 17. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 287-313. ISBN 9789400766389 doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6639-6

Conference or Workshop Item

Woolliams, E. R., Mittaz, J. P. D., Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Hunt, S. E. and Harris, P. M. (2018) Applying metrological techniques to satellite fundamental climate data records. In: 13th International Conference on New Developments and Applications in Optical Radiometry, 13–16 June 2017, Tokyo, Japan. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/972/1/012003 (Journal of Physics: Conference Series 972)

Macdonald, M., Anderson, P., Carrea, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-2767, Dobke, B., Embury, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-7828, Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Bensi, P. (2014) Concepts for a geostationary-like polar missions. In: Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVIII, September 22, 2014, Amsterdam, Netherlands. (Proc. SPIE 9241, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XVIII, 92411B)

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Llewellyn-Jones, D., Saunders, R.W., Rayner, N.A. and Kent, E.C. (2005) Sea surface temperature for climate from the ATSRs. In: Proc. MERIS-AATSR Workshop, September, 2005, Frascati, Italy. (Unpublished)

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2004) Bias and cloud screening issues in infrared sea surface temperature. In: Proc. Fifth GODAE High Res. SST Pilot Project Workshop, July, 2004, Townsville, Australia.

Merchant, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 (2003) Sea surface temperature - a dynamic field: developments in research and operations. In: Proceedings of the 2003 Meteorological Satellite Data User's Conference, September/October, 2003, Weimar, Germany.

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Le Borgne, P. (2001) Designing OSI-SAF sea surface temperature retrievals to be robust to stratospheric aerosol. In: Proceedings of the 2001 Meteorological Satellite Data User's Conference, October, 2001, Antalya, Turkey.