# Coercivity, essential norms, and the Galerkin method for second-kind integral equations on polyhedral and Lipschitz domains

Chandler-Wilde, S. N. and Spence, E. A. (2021) Coercivity, essential norms, and the Galerkin method for second-kind integral equations on polyhedral and Lipschitz domains. Numerische Mathematik. ISSN 0029-599X

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To link to this item DOI: 10.1007/s00211-021-01256-x

## Abstract/Summary

It is well known that, with a particular choice of norm, the classical double-layer potential operator $D$ has essential norm $<1/2$ as an operator on the natural trace space $H^{1/2}(\Gamma)$ whenever $\Gamma$ is the boundary of a bounded Lipschitz domain. This implies, for the standard second-kind boundary integral equations for the interior and exterior Dirichlet and Neumann problems in potential theory, convergence of the Galerkin method in $H^{1/2}(\Gamma)$ for any sequence of finite-dimensional subspaces $(\cH_N)_{N=1}^\infty$ that is asymptotically dense in $H^{1/2}(\Gamma)$. Long-standing open questions are whether the essential norm is also $<1/2$ for $D$ as an operator on $L^2(\Gamma)$ for all Lipschitz $\Gamma$ in 2-d; or whether, for all Lipschitz $\Gamma$ in 2-d and 3-d, or at least for the smaller class of Lipschitz polyhedra in 3-d, the weaker condition holds that the operators $\pm \frac{1}{2}I+D$ are compact perturbations of coercive operators -- this a necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of the Galerkin method for every sequence of subspaces $(\cH_N)_{N=1}^\infty$ that is asymptotically dense in $L^2(\Gamma)$. We settle these open questions negatively. We give examples of 2-d and 3-d Lipschitz domains with Lipschitz constant equal to one for which the essential norm of $D$ is $\geq 1/2$, and examples with Lipschitz constant two for which the operators $\pm \frac{1}{2}I +D$ are not coercive plus compact. We also give, for every $C>0$, examples of Lipschitz polyhedra for which the essential norm is $\geq C$ and for which $\lambda I+D$ is not a compact perturbation of a coercive operator for any real or complex $\lambda$ with $|\lambda|\leq C$. We then, via a new result on the Galerkin method in Hilbert spaces, explore the implications of these results for the convergence of Galerkin boundary element methods in the $L^2(\Gamma)$ setting. Finally, we resolve negatively a related open question in the convergence theory for collocation methods, showing that, for our polyhedral examples, there is no weighted norm on $C(\Gamma)$, equivalent to the standard supremum norm, for which the essential norm of $D$ on $C(\Gamma)$ is $<1/2$.

Item Type: Article Yes Science > School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences > Department of Mathematics and Statistics 101202 Springer