Handbook on the role of non-state actors in Russian hybrid threats

Volāns, E., Rauta, V. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3870-8680, Long, M., Kudors, A., Kleczkowska, A. and Lockhart, E., (2025) Handbook on the role of non-state actors in Russian hybrid threats. Hybrid CoE Papers. 27. Report. The European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, Helsinki. pp95. ISBN 9789527591314

Abstract/Summary

Russia’s employment of non-state actors is a staple of its approach to hybrid threat operations, whether through attacks on German military and industrial facilities by individuals, sabotage of French rail infrastructure by loosely co-ordinated groups, disinformation campaigns run by private companies, or cyber operations by hacktivist collectives. This handbook provides an overarching assessment of Russia’s approach to working with and through various NSAs across different operational domains, mapping both the empirical depth and breadth of the phenomenon. It establishes a much-needed baseline for understanding the logic behind Russia’s use of NSAs and lays the groundwork for determining appropriate measures and countermeasures at a time when operations below and above the threshold of war are on the rise.

Item Type	Report (Report)
URI	https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/id/eprint/127655
Divisions	Arts, Humanities and Social Science > School of Politics, Economics and International Relations > Politics and International Relations
Publisher	The European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats
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