Urban hedges: a review of plant species and cultivars for ecosystem service delivery in north-west Europe
Blanusa, T., Garratt, M.
It is advisable to refer to the publisher's version if you intend to cite from this work. See Guidance on citing. To link to this item DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126391 Abstract/SummaryUrban hedges provide a number of important ecosystem services (ESs) including microclimate alteration, flood and pollution mitigation, and biodiversity provision, along with some disservices (DSs, e.g. invasiveness, allergenicity). However, hedge plant species differ in their capacity to promote different services, so it is important that the decision to plant hedges is evidence-based. The objectives of this study were thus to (i) to review the role of urban hedges within NW Europe; (ii) review the available literature detailing the ESs and DSs provided by different plant species and cultivars when used as hedge plants; (iii) identify where there is a lack of evidence for certain species or ESs/DSs; and (iv) develop a starting point for a discussion about appropriate species/cultivar selection to deliver multiple ESs, and avoid DSs. Many studies consider biodiversity and air quality ESs. There are significant gaps in the literature relating to rainfall mitigation/flood protection, but also CO2 sequestration, allergenicity and human psychological well-being impact of different species. Additionally, for noise and pollution mitigation studies, a range of methodologies and units are used, making comparisons between hedge species difficult/impossible. A number of common hedge species demonstrated high levels of ESs delivery, including Fagus sylvatica, Crataegus monogyna, Ilex aquifolium and Rosa rugosa. No species surveyed had an entirely negative association with ESs, and most provide at least some benefits in supporting ESs provision (e.g. Viburnum tinus, Laurus nobilis). We created a matrix, in a table form, linking plant species, key plant traits and ESs/DSs, which should make it easier for professionals to choose species best suited to provide multiple benefits, whilst minimising the drawbacks. Our review suggests that the relative contribution of urban hedges to ESs delivery may be under-valued currently, and calls for more research.
DownloadsDownloads per month over past year
Aben R, De Wit S (1999) The Enclosed Garden: History and development of the Hortus Conclusus and its reintroduction into the present-day urban landscape. 010 Publishers.
Abhijith K, Kumar P (2019) Field investigations for evaluating green infrastructure effects on air quality in open-road conditions. Atmospheric Environment 201:132-147
Abhijith K, Kumar P, Gallagher J, McNabola A, Baldauf R, Pilla F, Broderick B, Di Sabatino S, Pulvirenti B (2017) Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments–A review. Atmospheric Environment 162: 71-86
Akguc N, Ozyigit I, Yasar U, Leblebici Z, Yarci C (2010) Use of Pyracantha coccinea Roem. as a possible biomonitor for the selected heavy metals. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 7 (3):427-434
Alexandri E, Jones P (2008) Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates. Building and Environment 43 (4):480-493. doi:DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.055
Analojeh AT, Azimzadeh H-R, Arani AM, Sodaiezadeh H (2016) Investigating and comparing short period impact of dust on physiological characteristics of three species of Pinus eldarica, Cupressus sempervirens and Ligustrum ovalifolium. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9 (4):244
Angelova VR, Grekov DF, Kisyov VK, Ivanov KI (2015) Potential of lavender (Lavandula vera L.) for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering 9 (5):522-529
Anon (2010) Noise. World Health Organisation. https://web.archive.org/web/20100531115108/http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environmental-health/noise/facts-and-figures. Accessed 30/10/2017
Anon (2016) https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/3738/How-green-are-British-front-gardens.aspx. Ipsos MORI. Accessed 29/11/2016 2016
Anon (2017) How green is your city? Guardian.
Asadian Y, Weiler M (2009) A new approach in measuring rainfall interception by urban trees in coastal British Columbia. Water quality research journal of Canada 44 (1):16
Ashenden TW, Ashmore M, Bell JNB, Bignal K, Binnie J, Cape JN, Caporn SJ, Carroll J, Davison A, Hadfield P (2003) Impacts of vehicle emissions on vegetation. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment 64
Askew R (1980) The diversity of insect communities in leafmines and plant galls. The Journal of Animal Ecology:817-829
Baridon M (2008) A History of the Gardens of Versailles. University of Pennsylvania Press,
Barker H (2012) Hedge Britannia: a curious history of a British obsession. A&C Black,
Beninde J, Veith M, Hochkirch A (2015) Biodiversity in cities needs space: a meta‐analysis of factors determining intra‐urban biodiversity variation. Ecology letters 18 (6):581-592
Berland A, Shiflett SA, Shuster WD, Garmestani AS, Goddard HC, Herrmann DL, Hopton ME (2017) The role of trees in urban stormwater management. Landscape and Urban Planning 162:167-177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.017
Berretta C, Poë S, Stovin V (2014) Moisture content behaviour in extensive green roofs during dry periods: The influence of vegetation and substrate characteristics. Journal of Hydrology 511:374-386
Bianco L, Serra V, Larcher F, Perino M (2017) Thermal behaviour assessment of a novel vertical greenery module system: first results of a long-term monitoring campaign in an outdoor test cell. Energy Efficiency 10 (3):625-638
Blanusa T, Fantozzi F, Monaci F, Bargagli R (2015) Leaf trapping and retention of particles by holm oak and other common tree species in Mediterranean urban environments. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14 (4):1095-1101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.10.004
Blanusa T, Vaz Monteiro MM, Fantozzi F, Vysini E, Li Y, Cameron RWF (2013) Alternatives to Sedum on green roofs: Can broad leaf perennial plants offer better ‘cooling service’? Building and Environment 59:99-106. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.011
Bogar S, Beyer KM (2016) Green space, violence, and crime: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 17 (2):160-171
Boyce RL (2009) Invasive shrubs and forest tree regeneration. Journal of sustainable forestry 28 (1-2):152-217
Breckle S-W, Kahle H (1992) Effects of toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb) on growth and mineral nutrition of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Vegetatio 101 (1):43-53
Brethour C, Watson G, Sparling B, Bucknell D, Moore T (2007) Literature review of documented health and environmental benefits derived from ornamental horticulture products. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada: Ontario
Calzoni GL, Antognoni F, Pari E, Fonti P, Gnes A, Speranza A (2007) Active biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution using Rosa rugosa plants. Environmental Pollution 149 (2):239-245
Camarena-Rangel N, Velázquez ANR, del Socorro Santos-Díaz M (2015) Fluoride bioaccumulation by hydroponic cultures of camellia (Camellia japonica spp.) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum spp.). Chemosphere 136:56-62
Cameron R, Hitchmough J (2016) New green space interventions-green walls, green roofs and rain gardens. Environmental horticulture: science and management of green landscapes:260-283
Cameron RWF, Blanuša T (2016) Green infrastructure and ecosystem services – is the devil in the detail? Annals of Botany 118 (3):377-391. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw129
Cameron RWF, Blanusa T, Taylor JE, Salisbury A, Halstead AJ, Henricot B, Thompson K (2012) The Domestic Garden - Its Contribution to Urban Green Infrastructure. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 11 (2):129-137
Cameron RWF, Harrison-Murray RS, Atkinson CJ, Judd HL (2006) Regulated deficit irrigation - a means to control growth in woody ornamentals. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 81 (3):435-443
Cameron RWF, Taylor JE, Emmett MR (2014) What's ‘cool’ in the world of green façades? How plant choice influences the cooling properties of green walls. Building and Environment 73 (0):198-207. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.12.005
Capotorti G, Del Vico E, Anzellotti I, Celesti-Grapow L (2016) Combining the conservation of biodiversity with the provision of ecosystem services in urban green infrastructure planning: critical features arising from a case study in the metropolitan area of Rome. Sustainability 9 (1):10
Carbó-Ramírez P, Zuria I (2011) The value of small urban greenspaces for birds in a Mexican city. Landscape and Urban Planning 100 (3):213-222
Cariñanos P, Casares-Porcel M (2011) Urban green zones and related pollen allergy: a review. Some guidelines for designing spaces with low allergy impact. Landscape and Urban Planning 101 (3):205-214
Carlos EH, Gibson M (2010) The habitat value of gorse Ulex europaeus L. and hawthorn Crataegus monogyna jacq. for birds in Quarry Hills bushland park, Victoria. The Victorian Naturalist 127 (4):115-124
Cayuela L, Ruiz-Arriaga S, Ozers CP (2011) Honeybees increase fruit set in native plant species important for wildlife conservation. Environmental management 48 (5):910-919
Christodoulakis N (1993) Air pollution effects on the guard cells of the injury resistant leaf of Laurus nobilis L. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 51 (3):471-478
Clark KH, Nicholas KA (2013) Introducing urban food forestry: a multifunctional approach to increase food security and provide ecosystem services. Landscape Ecology 28 (9):1649-1669
Corbet SA, Westgarth-Smith A (1992) Cotoneaster for bumble bees and honey bees. Journal of Apicultural Research 31 (1):9-14
County M (2016) Weed Risk Assessment for Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. & C. Rivière (Poaceae)–Golden bamboo.
Crowther LP, Hein P-L, Bourke AF (2014) Habitat and forage associations of a naturally colonising insect pollinator, the tree bumblebee Bombus hypnorum. PloS one 9 (9):e107568
Cuinas I, Alejos AV, Sanchez MG, Gomez P (2007) Tree-lines against electromagnetic pollution at mobile phone bands.
Cuinica LG, Cruz A, Abreu I, da Silva JCE (2015) Effects of atmospheric pollutants (CO, O3, SO2) on the allergenicity of Betula pendula, Ostrya carpinifolia, and Carpinus betulus pollen. International journal of environmental health research 25 (3):312-321
Czemiel Berndtsson J (2010) Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review. Ecological Engineering 36 (4):351-360. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.12.014
D’Amato G, Cecchi L, Bonini S, Nunes C, Annesi-Maesano I, Behrendt H, Liccardi G, Popov T, Van Cauwenberge P (2007) Allergenic pollen and pollen allergy in Europe. Allergy 62 (9):976-990. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01393.x
Davies ZG, Fuller RA, Loram A, Irvine KN, Sims V, Gaston KJ (2009) A national scale inventory of resource provision for biodiversity within domestic gardens. Biological Conservation 142 (4):761-771. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.016
Debussche M, Isenmann P (1990) Introduced and cultivated fleshy-fruited plants: consequences of a mutualistic Mediterranean plant-bird system. Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands:399-416
del Socorro Santos-Díaz M, Zamora-Pedraza C (2010) Fluoride removal from water by plant species that are tolerant and highly tolerant to hydrogen fluoride. Fluoride 43 (2):150-156
Douglas O, Lennon M, Scott M (2017) Green space benefits for health and well-being: A life-course approach for urban planning, design and management. Cities 66:53-62
Dover JW (2015) Green infrastructure: incorporating plants and enhancing biodiversity in buildings and urban environments. Routledge, Abingdon, UK
Dunn AD (2010) Siting green infrastructure: legal and policy solutions to alleviate urban poverty and promote healthy communities. BC Envtl Aff L Rev 37:41
Dusza Y, Barot S, Kraepiel Y, Lata JC, Abbadie L, Raynaud X (2017) Multifunctionality is affected by interactions between green roof plant species, substrate depth, and substrate type. Ecology and Evolution. doi:10.1002/ece3.2691
Elleriis P, Pedersen ML, Toft S (2015) Impact of invasive Rosa rugosa on the arthropod fauna of Danish yellow dunes. Biological invasions 17 (11):3289-3302
Erdogan E, Yazgan ME (2009) Landscaping in reducing traffic noise problem in cities: Ankara case. African Journal of Agricultural Research 4 (10):1015-1022
Evans P (2002) A night of dark trees. Arboricultural Journal 26 (3):249-256
Fan Y (2010) The investigation of noise attenuation by plants and the corresponding noise-reducing spectrum. Journal of environmental health 72 (8):8
Fang C-F, Ling D-L (2003) Investigation of the noise reduction provided by tree belts. Landscape and Urban Planning 63 (4):187-195. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00190-1
Fellet G, Pošćić F, Licen S, Marchiol L, Musetti R, Tolloi A, Barbieri P, Zerbi G (2016) PAHs accumulation on leaves of six evergreen urban shrubs: A field experiment. Atmospheric Pollution Research 7 (5):915-924. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.05.007
Flint HL (1985) Plants showing tolerance of urban stress. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 3 (2):85-89
Frank U, Ernst D (2016) Effects of NO2 and ozone on pollen allergenicity. Frontiers in plant science 7
Frankie GW, Thorp RW, Schindler M, Hernandez J, Ertter B, Rizzardi M (2005) Ecological patterns of bees and their host ornamental flowers in two northern California cities. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 78 (3):227-246
Fung S, Herrebout W, Verpoorte R, Fischer F (1988) Butenolides in small ermine moths, Yponomeuta spp.(Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), and spindle-tree, Euonymus europaeus (Celastraceae). Journal of chemical ecology 14 (4):1099-1111
Gagliardi JA, Brand MH (2007) Connecticut nursery and landscape industry preferences for solutions to the sale and use of invasive plants. HortTechnology 17 (1):39-45
Gajić G, Mitrović M, Pavlović P, Stevanović B, Djurdjević L, Kostić O (2009) An assessment of the tolerance of Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. to traffic-generated Pb using physiological and biochemical markers. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72 (4):1090-1101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.01.010
Garbuzov M, Ratnieks FL (2014) Quantifying variation among garden plants in attractiveness to bees and other flower-visiting insects. Functional Ecology 28 (2):364-374
García D, Martínez D (2012) Species richness matters for the quality of ecosystem services: a test using seed dispersal by frugivorous birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences:rspb20120175
Gaston KJ, Warren PH, Thompson K, Smith RM (2005) Urban Domestic Gardens (IV): The Extent of the Resource and its Associated Features. Biodiversity and Conservation 14 (14):3327-3349
Ghazavi G, Thomas Z, Hamon Y, Marie J-C, Corson M, Merot P (2008) Hedgerow impacts on soil‐water transfer due to rainfall interception and root water uptake. Hydrological Processes 22 (24):4723-4735
Gidlöf-Gunnarsson A, Öhrström E (2007) Noise and well-being in urban residential environments: The potential role of perceived availability to nearby green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 83 (2):115-126
Giorgioni M, Quitadamo L Ornamental shrub capacity for absorption and accumulation of heavy metals from urban polluted soil. In: II International Symposium on Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone 990, 2012. pp 501-508
GLA (2017) London Environment Strategy. London
Gosling L, Sparks TH, Araya Y, Harvey M, Ansine J (2016) Differences between urban and rural hedges in England revealed by a citizen science project. BMC ecology 16 (1):15
Grahn P, Stigsdotter UK (2010) The relation between perceived sensory dimensions of urban green space and stress restoration. Landscape and Urban Planning 94 (3-4):264-275. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.10.012
Gratani L, Varone L (2013) Carbon sequestration and noise attenuation provided by hedges in Rome: the contribution of hedge traits in decreasing pollution levels. Atmospheric Pollution Research 4 (3):315-322. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.035
Griggs L, Low R (2012) Cutting down the Cypress leylandii, pittosporums, and cotoneasters on your neighbours' land-the resolution of spite hedges. Australian Property Law Journal 21 (1):1-13
Grote R, Samson R, Alonso R, Amorim JH, Cariñanos P, Churkina G, Fares S, Thiec DL, Niinemets Ü, Mikkelsen TN (2016) Functional traits of urban trees: air pollution mitigation potential. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14 (10):543-550
Grunewald K, Richter B, Meinel G, Herold H, Syrbe R-U (2017) Proposal of indicators regarding the provision and accessibility of green spaces for assessing the ecosystem service “recreation in the city” in Germany. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 13 (2):26-39
Guerin B, Kanny G, Terrasse G, Guyot J, Moneret-Vautrin D (1996) Allergic rhinitis to thuja pollen. International archives of allergy and immunology 110 (1):91-94
Haaland C, van den Bosch CK (2015) Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14 (4):760-771. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.009
Haddaway NR, Collins AM, Coughlin D, Kirk S (2017) A rapid method to increase transparency and efficiency in web-based searches. Environmental Evidence 6 (1):1. doi:10.1186/s13750-016-0079-2
Halford M, Heemers L, van Wesemael D, Mathys C, Wallens S, Branquart E, Vanderhoeven S, Monty A, Mahy G (2014) The voluntary Code of conduct on invasive alien plants in Belgium: results and lessons learned from the AlterIAS LIFE+ project. EPPO Bulletin 44 (2):212-222
Hall DM, Camilo GR, Tonietto RK, Ollerton J, Ahrné K, Arduser M, Ascher JS, Baldock KC, Fowler R, Frankie G (2017) The city as a refuge for insect pollinators. Conservation Biology 31 (1):24-29
Hanus-Fajerska E, Ciarkowska K (2010) Phytoremediation of zinc, lead and cadmium rich post-flotation tailings using tree clones. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering A 17 (9):1111-1116
Helden AJ, Stamp GC, Leather SR (2012) Urban biodiversity: comparison of insect assemblages on native and non-native trees. Urban Ecosystems 15 (3):611-624
Herbst M, Roberts JM, Rosier PTW, Gowing DJ (2006) Measuring and modelling the rainfall interception loss by hedgerows in southern England. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 141 (2–4):244-256. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.10.012
Hijano CF, Domínguez MDP, Gimínez RG, Sínchez PH, García IS (2005) Higher plants as bioindicators of sulphur dioxide emissions in urban environments. Environmental monitoring and assessment 111 (1-3):75-88
Hodson CB, Sander HA (2017) Green urban landscapes and school-level academic performance. Landscape and Urban Planning 160:16-27
Holtan MT, Dieterlen SL, Sullivan WC (2015) Social life under cover: tree canopy and social capital in Baltimore, Maryland. Environment and behavior 47 (5):502-525
Horák J (2011) Response of saproxylic beetles to tree species composition in a secondary urban forest area. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 10 (3):213-222
Hu Y, Wang D, Wei L, Zhang X, Song B (2014) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plant leaves from Yan׳ an city of the Loess Plateau, China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 110:82-88
hUallacháin D Nest Site Location and Success Rates of an Urban Population of Woodpigeon Columba Palumbus in Ireland. In: Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 2014. vol 1. JSTOR, pp 13-17
Huseyinova R, Kutbay HG, Bilgin A, Kilic D, Horuz A, KIRMANOĞLU C (2009) Sulphur and some heavy metal contents in foliage of Corylus avellana and some roadside native plants in Ordu Province, Turkey. Ekoloji Dergisi 18 (70)
Hutchings T, Lawrence V, Brunt A (2012) Estimating the ecosystem services value of Edinburgh’s trees. The Research Agency of Forest Commission:45
Ignatieva M, Stewart GH, Meurk CD (2008) Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD): matching urban design and urban ecology. Landscape review 12 (2):61-73
Jacob-Remacle A Plants-solitary bees relation in urban habitat: the example of the city of Liege [Belgium]. In: Symposium Invertebrates of Belgium, Bruxelles (Belgium), 25-26 Nov 1988, 1989. Edition de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique,
Jacobs JH, Clark SJ, Denholm I, Goulson D, Stoate C, Osborne JL (2009) Pollination biology of fruit-bearing hedgerow plants and the role of flower-visiting insects in fruit-set. Annals of Botany 104 (7):1397-1404
Jim C, Chen WY (2009) Ecosystem services and valuation of urban forests in China. Cities 26 (4):187-194
Kalavrouziotis IK, Apostolopoulos CA (2007) An integrated environmental plan for the reuse of treated wastewater effluents from WWTP in urban areas. Building and Environment 42 (4):1862-1868
Kao E (2015) Moss culture filter system could 'eat up' Hong Kong's roadside pollution, says German start-up. South China Morning Post, 22/11/2015,
Kardel F, Wuyts K, Maher B, Hansard R, Samson R (2011) Leaf saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) as a proxy for particulate matter monitoring: inter-species differences and in-season variation. Atmospheric Environment 45 (29):5164-5171
Karnosky DF (1981) Chamber and field evaluations of air pollution tolerances of urban trees. J Arboricult;(United States) 7 (CONF-800818)
Keim R, Skaugset A, Weiler M (2006) Storage of water on vegetation under simulated rainfall of varying intensity. Advances in Water Resources 29 (7):974-986
Kendal D, Williams K, Armstrong L (2008) Preference for and performance of some Australian native plants grown as hedges. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 7 (2):93-106
Kennedy C, Southwood T (1984) The number of species of insects associated with British trees: a re-analysis. The Journal of Animal Ecology:455-478
Kollár J, Hrubík P (2009) The mining species on woody plants of urban environments in the West Slovak area. Acta Entomol Serbica 14 (1):83-91
Kollmann J, Frederiksen L, Vestergaard P, Bruun HH (2007) Limiting factors for seedling emergence and establishment of the invasive non-native Rosa rugosa in a coastal dune system. Biological Invasions 9 (1):31-42
Lafleur NE, Rubega MA, Elphick CS (2007) Invasive fruits, novel foods, and choice: an investigation of European starling and American robin frugivory. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119 (3):429-438
Last F, Roberts A (2012) Onset of flowering in biennial and perennial garden plants: association with variable weather and changing climate between 1978 and 2007. Sibbaldia: the Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture (10):85-132
Lei W, LIU L-y, GAO S-y, Eerdun H, Zhi W (2006) Physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surfaces of urban plants in Beijing. Journal of Environmental Sciences 18 (5):921-926
Leonard RJ, McArthur C, Hochuli DF (2016) Particulate matter deposition on roadside plants and the importance of leaf trait combinations. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 20:249-253. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.09.008
Li X, Zhang Z, Gu M, Jiang D-Y, Wang J, Lv Y-M, Zhang Q-X, Pan H-T (2012) Effects of plantscape colors on psycho-physiological responses of university students. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 10 (1):702-708
Librando V, Perrini G, Tomasello M (2002) Biomonitoring of atmospheric PAHs by evergreen plants: correlations and applicability. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 22 (3-4):549-559
Little P, Martin MH (1972) A survey of zinc, lead and cadmium in soil and natural vegetation around a smelting complex. Environmental Pollution (1970) 3 (3):241-254
Liu S, Xue K, Kong G, Hu X, Lu Y, Wu Z (2003) Effects of air pollution on the growth of 35 garden plants. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 11 (4):329-335
Livesley SJ, McPherson EG, Calfapietra C (2016) The Urban Forest and Ecosystem Services: Impacts on Urban Water, Heat, and Pollution Cycles at the Tree, Street, and City Scale. Journal of Environmental Quality 45 (1):119-124. doi:10.2134/jeq2015.11.0567
Llusia J, Llorens L, Bernal M, Verdaguer D, Penuelas J (2012) Effects of UV radiation and water limitation on the volatile terpene emission rates, photosynthesis rates, and stomatal conductance in four Mediterranean species. Acta physiologiae plantarum 34 (2):757-769
Lorenzoni-Chiesura F, Giorato M, Marcer G (2000) Allergy to pollen of urban cultivated plants. Aerobiologia 16 (2):313-316
Łukasik I, Palowski B, Ciepał R (2002) Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc Contens in Soil and in Leaves of Selected Tree and Shrub Species Grown in Urban Parks of Upper Silesia. Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna 9 (4):431-439
Mach BM, Potter DA (2017) Woody Ornamentals for Bee-Friendly Landscapes (Ohio Valley Region).
Madahi K, Sahragard A (2012) Comparative life table of Aphis pomi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on two host plants Malus pumila L. and Chaenomeles japonica under laboratory conditions. Journal of crop protection 1 (4):321-330
Maddox V, Byrd Jr J, Serviss B (2010) Identification and control of invasive privets (Ligustrum spp.) in the middle southern United States. Invasive Plant Science and Management 3 (4):482-488
Madre F, Vergnes A, Machon N, Clergeau P (2013) A comparison of 3 types of green roof as habitats for arthropods. Ecological Engineering 57:109-117
Mansour RS (2014) The pollution of tree leaves with heavy metal in Syria. International Journal of Chem Tech Research 6 (4):2283-2290
Mathieu R, Freeman C, Aryal J (2007) Mapping private gardens in urban areas using object-oriented techniques and very high-resolution satellite imagery. Landscape and Urban Planning 81 (3):179-192
Matyssek R, Wieser G, Ceulemans R, Rennenberg H, Pretzsch H, Haberer K, Löw M, Nunn A, Werner H, Wipfler P (2010) Enhanced ozone strongly reduces carbon sink strength of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica)–Resume from the free-air fumigation study at Kranzberg Forest. Environmental Pollution 158 (8):2527-2532
Meurk CD, Blaschke PM, Simcock R (2013) Ecosystem services in New Zealand cities. Ecosystem services in New Zealand: conditions and trends Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln:254-273
Miao Y-m, Chen Z-m, Chen Y-f, Du G-j (2008) Resistance to and absorbency of gaseous NO_2 for 38 young landscaping plants in Zhejiang Province [J]. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College 6:020
Min L, Renqing W (2004) Acute responses of some plants upon combined pollution of sulfur dioxide and lead. Shandong Da Xue xue bao Yi xue ban 39 (5):116-121
Mori J, Fini A, Burchi G, Ferrini F (2016) Carbon Uptake and Air Pollution Mitigation of Different Evergreen Shrub Species. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42 (5)
Mori J, Sæbø A, Hanslin HM, Teani A, Ferrini F, Fini A, Burchi G (2015) Deposition of traffic-related air pollutants on leaves of six evergreen shrub species during a Mediterranean summer season. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14 (2):264-273
Mutlu Z, Onder S (2012) Investigation of the Noise Reduction Provided by Bush Belts in Konya, Turkey. Journal Of International Environmental Application And Science 7 (1):48
Nebot JR, Mateu I Some observations on pollination in a mediterranean shrub, Viburnum tinus L.(Caprifoliaceae). In: VI International Symposium on Pollination 288, 1990. pp 93-97
Neinhuis C, Barthlott W (1998) Seasonal changes of leaf surface contamination in beech, oak, and ginkgo in relation to leaf micromorphology and wettability. New Phytologist 138 (1):91-98. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00882.x
Nesbitt L, Hotte N, Barron S, Cowan J, Sheppard SR (2017) The social and economic value of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North America: A review and suggestions for future research. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 25:103-111
Noe S, Penuelas J, Niinemets Ü (2008a) Monoterpene emissions from ornamental trees in urban areas: a case study of Barcelona, Spain. Plant Biology 10 (1):163-169
Noe SM, Peñuelas J, Niinemets Ü (2008b) Monoterpene emissions from ornamental trees in urban areas: a case study of Barcelona, Spain. Plant Biology 10 (1):163-169. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2007.00014.x
Nordén U (1991) Acid deposition and throughfall fluxes of elements as related to tree species in deciduous forests of South Sweden. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 60 (3):209-230
Nováková R, Neustupa J (2015) Microalgal biofilms on common yew needles in relation to anthropogenic air pollution in urban Prague, Czech Republic. Science of the Total Environment 508:7-12
O'Sullivan OS, Holt AR, Warren PH, Evans KL (2017) Optimising UK urban road verge contributions to biodiversity and ecosystem services with cost-effective management. Journal of environmental management 191:162-171
O’Brien AM, Ettinger AK, HilleRisLambers J (2012) Conifer growth and reproduction in urban forest fragments: Predictors of future responses to global change? Urban Ecosystems 15 (4):879-891
Oberndorfer E, Lundholm J, Bass B, Coffman RR, Doshi H, Dunnett N, Gaffin S, Köhler M, Liu KKY, Rowe DB (2007) Green Roofs as Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Structures, Functions, and Services BioScience 57 (10):823-833
Omasa K, Tobe K, Hosomi M, Kobayashi M (2000) Absorption of ozone and seven organic pollutants by Populus nigra and Camellia sasanqua. Environmental science & technology 34 (12):2498-2500
Onder S, Kocbeker Z (2012) Importance of the green belts to reduce noise pollution and determination of roadside noise reduction effectiveness of bushes in Konya, Turkey. Turkey World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 66:639-642
Pan R, Zheng Y-s (2012) Study on Dust Retention Capacity of Phyllostachys aurea and Other 9 Ornamental Bamboo Species. Journal of Southwest Forestry University 2:006
Panicucci A, Nali C, Lorenzini G (1998) Differential photosynthetic response of two Mediterranean species (Arbutus unedo and Viburnum tinus) to sulphur dioxide. Chemosphere 36 (4-5):703-708
Paoletti E (2009) Ozone and urban forests in Italy. Environmental Pollution 157 (5):1506-1512
Pataki DE, Carreiro MM, Cherrier J, Grulke NE, Jennings V, Pincetl S, Pouyat RV, Whitlow TH, Zipperer WC (2011) Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9 (1):27-36. doi:doi:10.1890/090220
Perry T, Nawaz R (2008) An investigation into the extent and impacts of hard surfacing of domestic gardens in an area of Leeds, United Kingdom. Landscape and Urban Planning 86 (1):1-13
Pope CA, Dockery DW (2006) Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 56 (6):709-742. doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485
Przybysz A, Sæbø A, Hanslin HM, Gawroński SW (2014) Accumulation of particulate matter and trace elements on vegetation as affected by pollution level, rainfall and the passage of time. Science of The Total Environment 481:360-369. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.072
Pugh TAM, MacKenzie AR, Whyatt JD, Hewitt CN (2012) Effectiveness of Green Infrastructure for Improvement of Air Quality in Urban Street Canyons. Environmental Science & Technology 46 (14):7692-7699. doi:10.1021/es300826w
Pyatt F, Haywood W (1989) Air borne particulate distributions and their accumulation in tree canopies, Nottingham, UK. The Environmentalist 9 (4):291-298
Randall R (2001) Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16 (4):138-171
Ranford J, Reiling K (2007a) The effect of winter stress on Ilex aquifolium L. previously fumigated with ozone. Environmental Pollution 145 (1):171-178
Ranford J, Reiling K (2007b) Ozone induced leaf loss and decreased leaf production of European Holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) over multiple seasons. Environmental pollution 145 (1):355-364
Rejmánek M, Richardson DM (2013) Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species–2013 update of the global database. Diversity and distributions 19 (8):1093-1094
Richardson DM, Rejmánek M (2004) Conifers as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive framework. Diversity and distributions 10 (5‐6):321-331
Rogers K, Sacre K, Goodenough J, Doick K (2015) Valuing London's urban forest: results of the London i-Tree eco project.
Rowe DB (2011) Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement. Environmental Pollution 159 (8–9):2100-2110. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029
Rucandio MI, Petit-Domínguez MD, Fidalgo-Hijano C, García-Giménez R (2011) Biomonitoring of chemical elements in an urban environment using arboreal and bush plant species. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18 (1):51-63
Sæbø A, Popek R, Nawrot B, Hanslin HM, Gawronska H, Gawronski SW (2012) Plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces. Science of The Total Environment 427–428 (0):347-354. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.084
Samecka-Cymerman A, Kolon K, Kempers AJ (2011) Taxus baccata as a bioindicator of urban environmental pollution. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 20 (4), 1021-1027
Shanahan DF, Lin BB, Bush R, Gaston KJ, Dean JH, Barber E, Fuller RA (2015) Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature. American Journal of Public Health 105 (3):470-477
Shashua-Bar L, Pearlmutter D, Erell E (2009) The cooling efficiency of urban landscape strategies in a hot dry climate. Landscape and Urban Planning 92 (3-4):179-186
Shu-quan ZP-wY, Ya-feng YL-tC, Xiao-long Y (2010) The Photosynthetic Characters Study on Different Plants [J]. Modern Landscape Architecture 12:015
Silander JA, Klepeis DM (1999) The invasion ecology of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) in the New England landscape. Biological invasions 1 (2-3):189-201
Sjöman H, Morgenroth J, Sjöman JD, Sæbø A, Kowarik I (2016) Diversification of the urban forest—Can we afford to exclude exotic tree species? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 18:237-241
Song X, Zhou G, Jiang H, Yu S, Fu J, Li W, Wang W, Ma Z, Peng C (2011) Carbon sequestration by Chinese bamboo forests and their ecological benefits: assessment of potential, problems, and future challenges. Environmental Reviews 19 (NA):418-428
Song Y, Maher BA, Li F, Wang X, Sun X, Zhang H (2015) Particulate matter deposited on leaf of five evergreen species in Beijing, China: source identification and size distribution. Atmospheric Environment 105:53-60
Staffolani L, Velasco-Jiménez M, Galán C, Hruska K (2011) Allergenicity of the ornamental urban flora: ecological and aerobiological analyses in Córdoba (Spain) and Ascoli Piceno (Italy). Aerobiologia 27 (3):239-246
Stansfeld S, Haines M, Brown B (2000) Noise and health in the urban environment. Reviews on environmental health 15 (1-2):43-82
Stigsdotter U, Grahn P (2003) Experiencing a garden: A healing garden for people suffering from burnout diseases. Journal of therapeutic horticulture 14 (5):38-48
Stigsdotter UA, Grahn P (2002) What Makes a Garden a Healing Garden? Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture 13 (2):60-69
Switzer CM, Combes SA (2017) Bumblebee sonication behavior changes with plant species and environmental conditions. Apidologie 48 (2):223-233
Takahashi M, Higaki A, Nohno M, Kamada M, Okamura Y, Matsui K, Kitani S, Morikawa H (2005) Differential assimilation of nitrogen dioxide by 70 taxa of roadside trees at an urban pollution level. Chemosphere 61 (5):633-639
Tallis M, Taylor G, Sinnett D, Freer-Smith P (2011) Estimating the removal of atmospheric particulate pollution by the urban tree canopy of London, under current and future environments. Landscape and Urban Planning 103 (2):129-138
Tao L, Ren J, Du Z, Hou P-q (2009) Effect of SO 2 pollution on morphological symptoms of landscaping tree species in Lanzhou. Environmental Science and Technology 32 (6):34-37
Taylor J, Cameron R, Emmett M The role of shrubs and climbers on improving thermal performance of brick walls during winter. In: XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): V 1108, 2014. pp 353-359
Teixeira CP, Fernandes C (2016) Promoting wellbeing: restoring the garden, restoring ourselves. Peer reviewed book of proceedings:123
Thuiller W, Richardson DM, Midgley GF (2008) Will climate change promote alien plant invasions? In: Biological invasions. Springer, pp 197-211
Tiwary A, Williams I, Heidrich O, Namdeo A, Bandaru V, Calfapietra C (2016) Development of multi-functional streetscape green infrastructure using a performance index approach. Environmental Pollution 208:209-220
Tompkins J-M (2010) Ecosystem services provided by native New Zealand plants in vineyards. Lincoln University.
van den Berg AE, Maas J, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP (2010) Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health. Social Science and Medicine 70:1203-1210
van den Berg M, Wendel-Vos W, van Poppel M, Kemper H, van Mechelen W, Maas J (2015) Health benefits of green spaces in the living environment: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14 (4):806-816. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.008
Van Renterghem T, Attenborough K, Maennel M, Defrance J, Horoshenkov K, Kang J, Bashir I, Taherzadeh S, Altreuther B, Khan A (2014) Measured light vehicle noise reduction by hedges. Applied Acoustics 78:19-27
Varshney C, Mitra I (1993) Importance of hedges in improving urban air quality. Landscape and Urban planning 25 (1-2):85-93
Wang H, Shi H, Li Y Leaf dust capturing capacity of urban greening plant species in relation to leaf micromorphology. In: Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP), 2011 International Symposium on, 2011. IEEE, pp 2198-2201
Ward Thompson C, Roe J, Aspinall P, Mitchell R, Clow A, Miller D (2012) More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: Evidence from salivary cortisol patterns. Landscape and Urban Planning 105 (3):221-229. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.12.015
Warhurst JR, Parks KE, McCulloch L, Hudson MD (2014) Front gardens to car parks: Changes in garden permeability and effects on flood regulation. Science of the Total Environment 485:329-339
Webby R (2004) Floral origin and seasonal variation of bee-collected pollens from individual colonies in New Zealand. Journal of apicultural research 43 (3):83-92
Williams PA (2006) The role of blackbirds (Turdus merula) in weed invasion in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology:285-291
Yamada T, Kodama K, Maki M (2014) Floral morphology and pollinator fauna characteristics of island and mainland populations of Ligustrum ovalifolium (Oleaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 174 (3):489-501
Yang HS, Kang J, Choi MS (2012) Acoustic effects of green roof systems on a low-profiled structure at street level. Building and Environment 50:44-55
Yaşar Ü, Özyiğit İİ, Yalçın İE, Doğan İ, Demir G (2012) Determination of some heavy metals and mineral nutrients of bay tree (Laurus nobilis L.) in Bartin city, Turkey.
Yücel GF (2013) Integrating Ecosytem Landscapes in Cityscape: Birds and Butterflies. In: Advances in landscape architecture. In Advances in landscape architecture. IntechOpen
Zeng P, Cao X, Guo Z-h, Xiao X-y, Liu Y-n, Liang F (2016) Potential of ornamental plants for remediating soil polluted with cadmium. Journal of Agro-Environment Science 4:012
Zhang X-b, Peng L, Yang Y-s, Chen W-r (2007) Phytoremediation of urban wastewater by model wetlands with ornamental hydrophytes. Journal of Environmental Sciences 19 (8):902-909
Zhao D, Pan Y, Deng S, Shang H, Wang F, Chen R (2010) Effects of simulated acid rain on physiological and ecological characteristics of Camellia sasanqua. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 43 (15):3191-3198
Zika PF (2010) Invasive hollies (Ilex, Aquifoliaceae) and their dispersers in the Pacific Northwest. Madroño 57 (1):1-10
Zolgharnein J, Asanjarani N, Shariatmanesh T (2013) Taguchi L16 orthogonal array optimization for Cd (II) removal using Carpinus betulus tree leaves: Adsorption characterization. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 85:66-77
Zou MZ, Yang PL, Wang Z, Wang CY (2014) Effects of CO2 concentration increase and water stress on landscape and ecology of Euonymus japonica. Water Saving Irrigation 4:11 University Staff: Request a correction | Centaur Editors: Update this record |