Article

Dacre, H. F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4328-9126 and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2025) A kinematic analysis of extratropical cyclones, warm conveyor belts and atmospheric rivers. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 8. 97. ISSN 2397-3722 doi: 10.1038/s41612-025-00942-z

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Gu, J.-F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-4553, Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Holloway, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9903-8989 and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2024) Moist halo regions around shallow cumulus clouds in large eddy simulations. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 150 (760). pp. 1501-1517. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.4656

Volonté, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-952X, Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Martínez-Alvarado, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-0379 and Ackerley, D. (2023) Strong surface winds in Storm Eunice. Part 2: airstream analysis. Weather. ISSN 1477-8696 doi: 10.1002/wea.4401

Volonté, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-952X, Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Martínez-Alvarado, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-0379 and Ackerley, D. (2023) Strong surface winds in Storm Eunice. Part 1: storm overview and indications of sting-jet activity from observations and model data. Weather. ISSN 1477-8696 doi: 10.1002/wea.4402

Lean, H. W. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1274-4619, Barlow, J. F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9022-6833 and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2022) The use of 100 m scale NWP models to understand differences between different measures of mixing height in a morning growing clear convective boundary layer over London. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 148 (745). pp. 1983-1995. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.4291

Shipley, D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7812-8309, Weller, H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-7082, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and McIntyre, W. A. (2022) Two-fluid single-column modelling of Rayleigh-Bénard convection as a step towards multi-fluid modelling of atmospheric convection. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 148 (742). pp. 351-377. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.4209

Theeuwes, N. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-8551, Boutle, I. A., Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Grimmond, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3166-9415 (2022) Understanding London's summertime cloud cover. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 148 (742). pp. 454-465. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.4214

Muetzelfeldt, M. R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6851-7351, Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Stirling, A. J. and Woolnough, S. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-8514 (2021) A climatology of tropical wind shear produced by clustering wind profiles from the Met Office Unified Model (GA7.0). Geoscientific Model Development, 14 (6). pp. 4035-4049. ISSN 1991-9603 doi: 10.5194/gmd-14-4035-2021

Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Halliwell, C. and Flack, D. (2021) A physically-based stochastic boundary-layer perturbation scheme. Part I: formulation and evaluation in a convection-permitting model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 78 (3). pp. 727-746. ISSN 1520-0469 doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0291.1

Flack, D., Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Halliwell, C., Roberts, N., Gray, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Plant, B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022 and Lean, H. (2021) A physically-based stochastic boundary-layer perturbation scheme. Part II: perturbation growth within a super ensemble framework. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 78 (3). pp. 747-761. ISSN 1520-0469 doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0292.1

Volonté, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-952X, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X (2020) Idealised simulations of cyclones with robust symmetrically-unstable sting jets. Weather and Climate Dynamics, 1 (1). pp. 63-91. ISSN 2698-4024 doi: 10.5194/wcd-1-63-2020

Gu, J.-F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-4553, Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Holloway, C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9903-8989, Jones, T. R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7669-1499, Stirling, A., Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Woolnough, S. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-8514 and Webb, T. L. (2020) Evaluation of the bulk mass flux formulation using large eddy simulations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 77 (6). pp. 2115-2137. ISSN 1520-0469 doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0224.1

Hanley, K., Whitall, M., Stirling, A. and Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2019) Modifications to the representation of subgrid mixing in kilometre‐scale versions of the Unified Model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145 (725). pp. 3361-3375. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.3624

Dance, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-3338, Ballard, S. P., Bannister, R. N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-8297, Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Cloke, H. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-868X, Darlington, T., Flack, D. L. A., Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Hawkness-Smith, L., Husnoo, N., Illingworth, A. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-8410, Kelly, G. A., Lean, H. W., Li, D., Nichols, N. K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-5220, Nicol, J. C., Oxley, A., Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Roberts, N. M., Roulstone, I., Simonin, D., Thompson, R. J. and Waller, J. A. (2019) Improvements in forecasting intense rainfall: results from the FRANC (forecasting rainfall exploiting new data assimilation techniques and novel observations of convection) project. Atmosphere, 10 (3). 125. ISSN 2073-4433 doi: 10.3390/atmos10030125

Feist, M. M., Westbrook, C. D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2889-8815, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Stein, T. H. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-5397, Lean, H. W. and Stirling, A. J. (2019) Statistics of convective cloud turbulence from a comprehensive turbulence retrieval method for radar observations. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145 (719). pp. 727-744. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.3462

Martinez-Alvarado, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-0379, Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Hart, N. C.G., Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Hodges, K. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-229X and Roberts, M. J. (2018) Increased wind risk from sting-jet windstorms with climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (4). 044002. ISSN 1748-9326 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aaae3a

Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X (2018) Sting jets in extratropical cyclones: a review. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144 (713). pp. 943-969. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.3267

Volonté, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-952X, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X (2018) The role of mesoscale instabilities in the sting-jet dynamics of windstorm Tini. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144 (712). pp. 877-899. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.3264

Barlow, J., Best, M., Bohnenstengel, S. I., Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Grimmond, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3166-9415, Lean, H., Christen, A., Emeis, S., Haeffelin, M., Harman, I. N., Lemonsu, A., Martilli, A., Pardyjak, E., Rotach, M. W., Ballard, S., Boutle, I., Brown, A., Cai, X., Carpentieri, M., Coceal, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0705-6755, Crawford, B., Di Sabatino, S., Dou, J., Drew, D. R., Edwards, J. M., Fallmann, J., Fortuniak, K., Gornall, J., Gronemeier, T., Halios, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-8449, Hertwig, D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-2675, Hirano, K., Holtslag, A. A.M., Luo, Z. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2082-3958, Mills, G., Nakayoshi, M., Pain, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1451-9252, Schlünzen, K. H., Smith, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-4639, Soulhac, L., Steeneveld, G.-J., Sun, T. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2486-6146, Theeuwes, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-8551, Thomson, D., Voogt, J. A., Ward, H. C., Xie, Z.-T. and Zhong, J. (2017) Developing a research strategy to better understand, observe, and simulate urban atmospheric processes at kilometer to subkilometer scales. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98 (10). ES261-ES264. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0106.1

Hart, N. C.G., Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2017) Sting-jet windstorms over the North Atlantic: climatology and contribution to extreme wind risk. Journal of Climate, 30 (14). pp. 5455-5471. ISSN 0894-8755 doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0791.1

Standen, J., Wilson, C., Vosper, S. and Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2017) Prediction of local wind climatology from Met Office models: Virtual Met Mast techniques. Wind Energy, 20 (3). pp. 411-430. ISSN 1099-1824 doi: 10.1002/we.2013

Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2016) Numerical simulations of the impact of the 20 March 2015 eclipse on UK weather. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374 (2077). 20150218. ISSN 1364-503X doi: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0218 (themed issue: Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse)

Leon, D. C., French, J. R., Lasher-Trapp, S., Blyth, A. M., Abel, S. J., Ballard, S., Barrett, A., Bennett, L. J., Bower, K., Brooks, B., Brown, P., Charlton-Perez, C., Choularton, T., Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Collier, C., Crosier, J., Cui, Z., Dey, S., Dufton, D., Eagle, C., Flynn, M. J., Gallagher, M., Halliwell, C., Hanley, K., Hawkness-Smith, L., Huang, Y., Kelly, G., Kitchen, M., Korolev, A., Lean, H., Liu, Z., Marsham, J., Moser, D., Nicol, J., Norton, E. G., Plummer, D., Price, J., Ricketts, H., Roberts, N., Rosenberg, P. D., Simonin, D., Taylor, J. W., Warren, R., Williams, P. I. and Young, G. (2016) The COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE): investigating the origins of heavy precipitation in the southwestern UK. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97 (6). pp. 1003-1020. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00157.1

Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Roberts, N., Lean, H., Ballard, S. P. and Charlton-Perez, C. (2016) Convection-permitting models: a step-change in rainfall forecasting. Meteorological Applications, 23 (2). pp. 165-181. ISSN 1469-8080 doi: 10.1002/met.1538

Nicol, J., Hogan, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-5157, Stein, T. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-5397, Hanley, K., Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Halliwell, C. E., Lean, H. W. and Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022 (2015) Convective updraught evaluation in high-resolution NWP simulations using single-Doppler radar measurements. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141 (693). pp. 3177-3189. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.2602

Hart, N. C. G., Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2015) Detection of coherent airstreams using cluster analysis: application to an extratropical cyclone. Monthly Weather Review, 143 (9). pp. 3518-3531. ISSN 1520-0493 doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00382.1

Stein, T. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-5397, Hogan, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-5157, Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Halliwell, C., Hanley, K., Lean, H., Nicol, J. and Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022 (2015) The DYMECS project: a statistical approach for the evaluation of convective storms in high-resolution NWP models. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96 (6). pp. 939-951. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00279.1

Hanley, K. E., Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Stein, T. H. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-5397, Hogan, R. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-5157, Nicol, J. C., Lean, H. W., Halliwell, C. and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2015) Mixing length controls on high resolution simulations of convective storms. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141 (686). pp. 272-284. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.2356

Dacre, H. F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4328-9126, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Martinez-Alvarado, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-0379, Stringer, M. A. and Lavers, D. A. (2014) How do atmospheric rivers form? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96 (8). pp. 1243-1255. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00031.1

Stein, T. H. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-5397, Hogan, R. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-5157, Hanley, K. E., Nicol, J. C., Lean, H. W., Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Halliwell, C. E. (2014) The three-dimensional morphology of simulated and observed convective storms over southern England. Monthly Weather Review, 142 (9). pp. 3264-3283. ISSN 1520-0493 doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00372.1

Baker, L. H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-9488, Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2014) Idealised simulations of sting-jet cyclones. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 140 (678). pp. 96-110. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.2131

Martinez-Alvarado, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-0379, Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Baker, L. H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-9488 (2013) Objective detection of sting jets in low-resolution datasets. Meteorological Applications, 20 (1). pp. 41-55. ISSN 1469-8080 doi: 10.1002/met.297

Leoncini, G., Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2013) Ensemble forecasts of a flood-producing storm: comparison of the influence of model-state perturbations and parameter modifications. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139 (670). pp. 198-211. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.1951

Vosper, S., Carter, E., Lean, H., Lock, A., Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Webster, S. (2013) High resolution modelling of valley cold pools. Atmospheric Science Letters, 14 (3). pp. 193-199. ISSN 1530-261X doi: 10.1002/asl2.439

Wang, C., Jones, R., Perry, M., Johnson, C. and Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2013) Using an ultrahigh-resolution regional climate model to predict local climatology. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139 (677). pp. 1964-1976. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.2081

Clark, P.A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Browning, K. A., Morcrette, C. J., Blyth, A. M., Forbes, R. M., Brooks, B. and Perry, F. (2013) The evolution of an MCS over southern England. Part 1: Observations. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 140 (679). pp. 439-457. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.2138

Clark, P.A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Browning, K. A., Forbes, R. M., Morcrette, C. J., Blyth, A. M. and Lean, H. W. (2013) The evolution of an MCS over southern England. Part 2: Model simulations and sensitivity to microphysics. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 140 (679). pp. 458-479. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.2142

Martinez-Alvarado, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-0379, Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Catto, J. L. and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2012) Sting jets in intense winter North-Atlantic windstorms. Environmental Research Letters, 7 (2). 024014. ISSN 1748-9326 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024014

Done, J. M., Craig, G. C., Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2012) Case-to-case variability of predictability of deep convection in a mesoscale model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 138 (664). pp. 638-648. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.943

Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Martinez-Alvarado, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-0379, Baker, L. H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-9488 and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2011) Conditional symmetric instability in sting-jet storms. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137 (659). pp. 1482-1500. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.859

Price, J. D., Vosper, S., Brown, A., Ross, A., Clark, P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Davies, F., Horlacher, V., Claxton, B., McGregor, J. R., Hoare, J. S., Jemmett-Smith, B. and Sheridan, P. (2011) COLPEX: Field and numerical studies over a region of small hills. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92 (12). pp. 1636-1650. ISSN 0003-0007 doi: 10.1175/2011BAMS3032.1

Bohnenstengel, S. I., Evans, S., Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Belcher, S. E. (2011) Simulations of the London urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137 (659). pp. 1625-1640. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.855

Porson, A., Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Harman, I. N., Best, M. J. and Belcher, S. (2010) Implementation of a new urban energy budget scheme in the MetUM. Part I: Description and idealized simulations. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136 (651). pp. 1514-1529. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.668

Porson, A., Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Harman, I. N., Best, M. J. and Belcher, S. (2010) Implementation of a new urban energy budget scheme into MetUM. Part II: Validation against observations and model intercomparison. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136 (651). pp. 1530-1542. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.572

Leoncini, G., Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2010) Perturbation growth at the convective scale for CSIP IOP18. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136 (648). pp. 653-670. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.587

Lean, H. W., Roberts, N. M., Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 and Morcrette, C. (2009) The surprising role of orography in the initiation of an isolated thunderstorm in southern England. Monthly Weather Review, 137 (9). pp. 3026-3046. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: 10.1175/2009MWR2743.1

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Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226, Harcourt, S. A., Macpherson, B., Mathison, C. T., Cusack, S. and Naylor, M. (2008) Prediction of visibility and aerosol within the operational Met Office unified model. I: Model formulation and variational assimilation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 134 (636). pp. 1801-1816. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.318

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