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Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: a coordinated analysis of large-scale clinical and population-based samples

Hoogman, M., Muetzel, R., Guimaraes, J. P., Shumskaya, E., Mennes, M., Zwiers, M. P., Jahanshad, N., Sudre, G., Wolfers, T., Earl, E. A., Soliva Vila, J. C., Vives-Gilabert, Y., Khadka, S., Novotny, S. E., Hartman, C. A., Heslenfeld, D. J., Schweren, L. J.S., Ambrosino, S., Oranje, B., de Zeeuw, P. , Chaim-Avancini, T. M., Rosa, P. G.P., Zanetti, M. V., Malpas, C. B., Kohls, G., von Polier, G. G., Seitz, J., Biederman, J., Doyle, A. E., Dale, A. M., van Erp, T. G.M., Epstein, J. N., Jernigan, T. L., Baur-Streubel, R., Ziegler, G. C., Zierhut, K. C., Schrantee, A., Høvik, M. F., Lundervold, A. J., Kelly, C., McCarthy, H., Skokauskas, N., O’Gorman Tuura, R. L., Calvo, A., Lera-Miguel, S., Nicolau, R., Chantiluke, K. C., Christakou, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4267-3436, Vance, A., Cercignani, M., Gabel, M. C., Asherson, P., Baumeister, S., Brandeis, D., Hohmann, S., Bramati, I. E., Tovar-Moll, F., Fallgatter, A. J., Kardatzki, B., Schwarz, L., Anikin, A., Baranov, A., Gogberashvili, T., Kapilushniy, D., Solovieva, A., El Marroun, H., White, T., Karkashadze, G., Namazova-Baranova, L., Ethofer, T., Mattos, P., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Plessen, K. J., Kuntsi, J., Mehta, M. A., Paloyelis, Y., Harrison, N. A., Bellgrove, M. A., Silk, T. J., Cubillo, A. I., Rubia, K., Lazaro, L., Brem, S., Walitza, S., Frodl, T., Zentis, M., Castellanos, F. X., Yoncheva, Y. N., Haavik, J., Reneman, L., Conzelmann, A., Lesch, K.-P., Pauli, P., Reif, A., Tamm, L., Konrad, K., Oberwelland Weiss, E., Busatto, G. F., Louza, M. R., Durston, S., Hoekstra, P. J., Oosterlaan, J., Stevens, M. C., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Vilarroya, O., Fair, D. A., Nigg, J. T., Thompson, P. M., Buitelaar, J. K., Faraone, S. V., Shaw, P., Tiemeier, H., Bralten, J. and Franke, B. (2019) Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: a coordinated analysis of large-scale clinical and population-based samples. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176 (7). ISSN 0002-953X

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To link to this item DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033

Abstract/Summary

Objective: Neuroimaging studies show structural alterations of various brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although nonreplications are frequent. The authors sought to identify cortical characteristics related to ADHD using large-scale studies. Methods: Cortical thickness and surface area (based on the Desikan–Killiany atlas) were compared between case subjects with ADHD (N=2,246) and control subjects (N=1,934) for children, adolescents, and adults separately in ENIGMA-ADHD, a consortium of 36 centers. To assess familial effects on cortical measures, case subjects, unaffected siblings, and control subjects in the NeuroIMAGE study (N=506) were compared. Associations of the attention scale from the Child Behavior Checklist with cortical measures were determined in a pediatric population sample (Generation-R, N=2,707). Results: In the ENIGMA-ADHD sample, lower surface area values were found in children with ADHD, mainly in frontal, cingulate, and temporal regions; the largest significant effect was for total surface area (Cohen’s d=−0.21). Fusiform gyrus and temporal pole cortical thickness was also lower in children with ADHD. Neither surface area nor thickness differences were found in the adolescent or adult groups. Familial effects were seen for surface area in several regions. In an overlapping set of regions, surface area, but not thickness, was associated with attention problems in the Generation-R sample. Conclusions: Subtle differences in cortical surface area are widespread in children but not adolescents and adults with ADHD, confirming involvement of the frontal cortex and highlighting regions deserving further attention. Notably, the alterations behave like endophenotypes in families and are linked to ADHD symptoms in the population, extending evidence that ADHD behaves as a continuous trait in the population. Future longitudinal studies should clarify individual lifespan trajectories that lead to nonsignificant findings in adolescent and adult groups despite the presence of an ADHD diagnosis.

Item Type:Article
Refereed:Yes
Divisions:Interdisciplinary Research Centres (IDRCs) > Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics (CINN)
Life Sciences > School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences > Department of Psychology
Life Sciences > School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences > Neuroscience
Life Sciences > School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences > Psychopathology and Affective Neuroscience
ID Code:83988
Publisher:American Psychiatric Association

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