Abutalebi, J., and Green, D. W. (2016). Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: Neural adaptation and reserve. Bilingualism. doi:10.1017/S1366728916000225.
Abutalebi, J., Rosa, P. A. Della, Castro Gonzaga, A. K., Keim, R., Costa, A., and Perani, D. (2013). The role of the left putamen in multilingual language production. Brain Lang. 125, 307–315. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.009.
Anderson, J. A. E., Mak, L., Keyvani Chahi, A., and Bialystok, E. (2018). The language and social background questionnaire: Assessing degree of bilingualism in a diverse population. Behav. Res. Methods 50, 250–263. doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0867-9.
Berken, J. A., Gracco, V. L., Chen, J. K., and Klein, D. (2016). The timing of language learning shapes brain structure associated with articulation. Brain Struct. Funct. 221, 3591–3600. doi:10.1007/S00429-015-1121-9/TABLES/4.
Berken, J. A., Gracco, V. L., and Klein, D. (2017). Early bilingualism, language attainment, and brain development. Neuropsychologia 98, 220–227. doi:10.1016/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2016.08.031.
Blanco-Elorrieta, E., and Pylkkänen, L. (2017). Bilingual Language Switching in the Laboratory versus in the Wild: The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Adaptive Language Control. J. Neurosci. 37, 9022–9036. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0553-17.2017.
Burgaleta, M., Sanjuán, A., Ventura-Campos, N., Sebastian-Galles, N., and Ávila, C. (2016). Bilingualism at the core of the brain. Structural differences between bilinguals and monolinguals revealed by subcortical shape analysis. Neuroimage. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.073.
Cacciola, A., Calamuneri, A., Milardi, D., Mormina, E., Chillemi, G., Marino, S., et al. (2017). A Connectomic Analysis of the Human Basal Ganglia Network. Front. Neuroanat. 11, 85. doi:10.3389/FNANA.2017.00085.
Calabria, M., Hernández, M., Cattaneo, G., Suades, A., Serra, M., Juncadella, M., et al. (2020). Active bilingualism delays the onset of mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 146, 107528. doi:10.1016/J.NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA.2020.107528.
Claussenius-Kalman, H., Vaughn, K. A., Archila-Suerte, P., and Hernandez, A. E. (2020). Age of acquisition impacts the brain differently depending on neuroanatomical metric. Hum. Brain Mapp. 41, 484–502. doi:10.1002/HBM.24817.
Costumero, V., Marin-Marin, L., Calabria, M., Belloch, V., Escudero, J., Baquero, M., et al. (2020). A cross-sectional and longitudinal study on the protective effect of bilingualism against dementia using brain atrophy and cognitive measures. Alzheimers. Res. Ther. 12, 11. doi:10.1186/s13195-020-0581-1.
Deluca, V., Rothman, J., Bialystok, E., and Pliatsikas, C. (2019a). Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function. doi:10.1073/pnas.1811513116.
Deluca, V., Rothman, J., and Pliatsikas, C. (2019b). Linguistic immersion and structural effects on the bilingual brain: A longitudinal study. Bilingualism 22, 1160–1175. doi:10.1017/S1366728918000883.
DeLuca, V., Segaert, K., Mazaheri, A., and Krott, A. (2020). Understanding bilingual brain function and structure changes? U bet! A unified bilingual experience trajectory model. J. Neurolinguistics 56, 100930. doi:10.1016/J.JNEUROLING.2020.100930.
Filippi, R., Richardson, F. M., Dick, F., Leech, R., Green, D. W., Thomas, M. S. C., et al. (2011). The Right Posterior Paravermis and the Control of Language Interference. J. Neurosci. 31, 10732–10740. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1783-11.2011.
Garbin, G., Costa, A., Sanjuan, A., Forn, C., Rodriguez-Pujadas, A., Ventura, N., et al. (2011). Neural bases of language switching in high and early proficient bilinguals. Brain Lang. 119, 129–135. doi:10.1016/J.BANDL.2011.03.011.
Garbin, G., Sanjuan, A., Forn, C., Bustamante, J. C., Rodriguez-Pujadas, A., Belloch, V., et al. (2010). Bridging language and attention: Brain basis of the impact of bilingualism on cognitive control. Neuroimage 53, 1272–1278. doi:10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2010.05.078.
García-Pentón, L., García, Y. F., Costello, B., Duñabeitia, J. A., and Carreiras, M. (2015). The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: how to turn a hazy view into the full picture. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2015.1068944 31, 303–327. doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1068944.
Generalitat Valenciana. Direcció General de Política Lingüística i Gestió del Multilingüïsme (2015). Coneixement i ús social del valencià. Enquesta 2015. Síntesi de resultats.
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., et al. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat. Neurosci. 1999 210 2, 861–863. doi:10.1038/13158.
Green, D. W., and Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. J. Cogn. Psychol. 25, 515–530. doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.796377.
Grice, J. W. (2001). Computing and evaluating factor scores. Psychol. Methods 6, 430–450. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.430.
Grundy, J. G., Anderson, J. A. E., and Bialystok, E. (2017). Neural correlates of cognitive processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1396, 183–201. doi:10.1111/nyas.13333.
Gullifer, J. W., and Titone, D. (2020). Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy. Bilingualism 23, 283–294. doi:10.1017/S1366728919000026.
Hastie, T., and Tibshirani, R. (1995). Generalized additive models for medical research. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 4, 187–196. doi:10.1177/096228029500400302.
Hervais-Adelman, A., Moser-Mercer, B., Murray, M. M., and Golestani, N. (2017). Cortical thickness increases after simultaneous interpretation training. Neuropsychologia. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.008.
Hosoda, C., Tanaka, K., Nariai, T., Honda, M., and Hanakawa, T. (2013). Dynamic Neural Network Reorganization Associated with Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition: A Multimodal Imaging Study. J. Neurosci. 33, 13663–13672. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0410-13.2013.
Kaiser, H. F., and Rice, J. (2016). Little Jiffy, Mark Iv: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316447403400115 34, 111–117. doi:10.1177/001316447403400115.
Kaushanskaya, M., Blumenfeld, H. K., and Marian, V. (2020). The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Ten years later. Bilingualism 23, 945–950. doi:10.1017/S1366728919000038.
Klein, D., Milner, B., Zatorre, R. J., Meyert, E., and Evanst, A. C. (1995). The neural substrates underlying word generation: A bilingual functional-imaging study. Psychology 92, 2899–2903.
Klein, D., Mok, K., Chen, J. K., and Watkins, K. E. (2014). Age of language learning shapes brain structure: A cortical thickness study of bilingual and monolingual individuals. Brain Lang. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.05.014.
Klein, D., Watkins, K. E., Zatorre, R. J., and Milner, B. (2006). Word and nonword repetition in bilingual subjects: A PET study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 27, 153. doi:10.1002/HBM.20174.
Klein, D., Zatorre, R. J., Milner, B., Meyer, E., and Evans, A. C. (1994). Left putaminal activation when speaking a second language: evidence from PET. Neuroreport 5, 2295–2297. doi:10.1097/00001756-199411000-00022.
Korenar, M., Treffers-Daller, J., and Pliatsikas, C. (2021). Bilingual experiences induce dynamic structural changes to basal ganglia and the thalamus. Research square [Preprint] doi:10.21203/RS.3.RS-1017465/V1.
Legault, J., Grant, A., Fang, S. Y., and Li, P. (2019). A longitudinal investigation of structural brain changes during second language learning. Brain Lang. 197, 104661. doi:10.1016/J.BANDL.2019.104661.
Li, P., Zhang, F., Yu, A., and Zhao, X. (2020). Language History Questionnaire (LHQ3): An enhanced tool for assessing multilingual experience. Bilingualism 23, 938–944. doi:10.1017/S1366728918001153.
Llano, D. A. (2013). Functional imaging of the thalamus in language. Brain Lang. 126, 62–72. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.06.004.
Lövdén, M., Wenger, E., Mårtensson, J., Lindenberger, U., and Bäckman, L. (2013). Structural brain plasticity in adult learning and development. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 2296–2310. doi:10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2013.02.014.
Luk, G., and Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage. J. Cogn. Psychol. (Hove). 25, 605. doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.795574.
Mamiya, P. C., Richards, T. L., Coe, B. P., Eichler, E. E., and Kuhl, P. K. (2016). Brain white matter structure and COMT gene are linked to second-language learning in adults. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113, 7249–7254. doi:10.1073/PNAS.1606602113/SUPPL_FILE/PNAS.201606602SI.PDF.
Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (2004). Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nat. 2004 4317010 431, 757–757. doi:10.1038/431757a.
Nichols, E. S., and Joanisse, M. F. (2016). Functional activity and white matter microstructure reveal the independent effects of age of acquisition and proficiency on second-language learning. Neuroimage 143, 15–25. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.053.
Olulade, O. A., Jamal, N. I., Koo, D. S., Perfetti, C. A., LaSasso, C., and Eden, G. F. (2016). Neuroanatomical Evidence in Support of the Bilingual Advantage Theory. Cereb. Cortex 26, 3196–3204. doi:10.1093/CERCOR/BHV152.
Pliatsikas, C. (2020). Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model. Biling. Lang. Cogn. 23, 459–471. doi:10.1017/S1366728919000130.
Pliatsikas, C., DeLuca, V., Moschopoulou, E., and Saddy, J. D. (2017). Immersive bilingualism reshapes the core of the brain. Brain Struct. Funct. 222, 1785–1795. doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1307-9.
Pliatsikas, C., DeLuca, V., and Voits, T. (2019). The Many Shades of Bilingualism: Language Experiences Modulate Adaptations in Brain Structure. Lang. Learn. doi:10.1111/lang.12386.
Pliatsikas, C., Johnstone, T., and Marinis, T. (2014). Grey matter volume in the cerebellum is related to the processing of grammatical rules in a second language: A structural voxel-based morphometry study. Cerebellum 13, 55–63. doi:10.1007/s12311-013-0515-6.
Pliatsikas, C., Meteyard, L., Veríssimo, J., DeLuca, V., Shattuck, K., and Ullman, M. T. (2020). The effect of bilingualism on brain development from early childhood to young adulthood. Brain Struct. Funct. 225, 2131–2152. doi:10.1007/s00429-020-02115-5.
Ressel, V., Pallier, C., Ventura-Campos, N., Diaz, B., Roessler, A., Avila, C., et al. (2012). An Effect of Bilingualism on the Auditory Cortex. J. Neurosci. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1996-12.2012.
Richardson, F. M., Thomas, M. S. C., Filippi, R., Harth, H., and Price, C. J. (2010). Contrasting Effects of Vocabulary Knowledge on Temporal and Parietal Brain Structure across Lifespan. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 943–954. doi:10.1162/JOCN.2009.21238.
Rodriguez-Fornells, A., De Diego Balaguer, R., Del Rio, M. J., Escera, C., Festman, J., Gomila, T., et al. (2006). Executive Control in Bilingual Language Processing. Lang. Learn. 56, 133–190. doi:10.1111/J.1467-9922.2006.00359.X.
Rolls, E. T., Huang, C. C., Lin, C. P., Feng, J., and Joliot, M. (2020). Automated anatomical labelling atlas 3. Neuroimage 206, 116189. doi:10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2019.116189.
Rossi, E., Cheng, H., Kroll, J. F., Diaz, M. T., and Newman, S. D. (2017). Changes in White-Matter Connectivity in Late Second Language Learners: Evidence from Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Front. Psychol. 8. doi:10.3389/FPSYG.2017.02040.
Shattuck, D. W., Mirza, M., Adisetiyo, V., Hojatkashani, C., Salamon, G., Narr, K. L., et al. (2008). Construction of a 3D probabilistic atlas of human cortical structures. Neuroimage 39, 1064–1080. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.031.
Simmonds, A. J., Wise, R. J. S., Dhanjal, N. S., and Leech, R. (2011). A comparison of sensory-motor activity during speech in first and second languages. J. Neurophysiol. 106, 470–478. doi:10.1152/jn.00343.2011.
Singh, N. C., Rajan, A., Malagi, A., Ramanujan, K., Canini, M., Della Rosa, P. A., et al. (2018). Microstructural anatomical differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. Biling. Lang. Cogn. 21, 995–1008. doi:10.1017/S1366728917000438.
Stein, M., Federspiel, A., Koenig, T., Wirth, M., Strik, W., Wiest, R., et al. (2012). Structural plasticity in the language system related to increased second language proficiency. Cortex. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2010.10.007.
Tamnes, C. K., Østby, Y., Fjell, A. M., Westlye, L. T., Due-Tønnessen, P., and Walhovd, K. B. (2010). Brain Maturation in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Regional Age-Related Changes in Cortical Thickness and White Matter Volume and Microstructure. Cereb. Cortex 20, 534–548. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp118.
Tao, L., Wang, G., Zhu, M., and Cai, Q. (2021). Bilingualism and domain-general cognitive functions from a neural perspective: A systematic review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 125, 264–295. doi:10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2021.02.029.
Tettamanti, M., Moro, A., Messa, C., Moresco, R. M., Rizzo, G., Carpinelli, A., et al. (2005). Basal ganglia and language: Phonology modulates dopaminergic release. Neuroreport 16, 397–401. doi:10.1097/00001756-200503150-00018.
Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition 92, 231–270. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008.
Vaughn, K. A., Archila-Suerte, P., and Hernandez, A. E. (2019). Parietal lobe volume distinguishes attentional control in bilinguals and monolinguals: A structural MRI study. Brain Cogn. 134, 103–109. doi:10.1016/J.BANDC.2018.12.001.
Wei, M., Joshi, A. A., Zhang, M., Mei, L., Manis, F. R., He, Q., et al. (2015). How age of acquisition influences brain architecture in bilinguals. J. Neurolinguistics 36, 35–55. doi:10.1016/J.JNEUROLING.2015.05.001.
Wood, S. N. (2011). Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Statistical Methodol. 73, 3–36. doi:10.1111/J.1467-9868.2010.00749.X.
Wood, S. N. (2017). Generalized Additive Models : An Introduction with R. Gen. Addit. Model. An Introd. with R, Second Ed., 1–476. doi:10.1201/9781315370279.
Zhu, J. D., Blanco-Elorrieta, E., Sun, Y., Szakay, A., and Sowman, P. F. (2022). Natural vs forced language switching: Free selection and consistent language use eliminate significant performance costs and cognitive demands in the brain. Neuroimage 247. doi:10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2021.118797.