• Adams, N. (2014). The hedgerow management cycle. Natural England. https://hedgelink.org.uk/resource/the-hedgerow-management -cycle/
• Atkins, E. (2019). Biodiversity value of urban hedges. In J. W. Dover (Ed.), The ecology of hedgerows and field margins (pp. 261–272). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315121413
• Axe, M. S., Grange, I. D., & Conway, J. S. (2017). Carbon storage in hedge biomass—A case study of actively managed hedges in England. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 250, 81–88. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agee.2017.08.008
• Barr, C. J., & Gillespie, M. K. (2000). Estimating hedgerow length and pat tern characteristics in Great Britain using countryside survey data. Journal of Environmental Management, 60(2000), 23–32. https://doi. org/10.1006/jema.2000.0359
• Barwise, Y., & Kumar, P. (2020). Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: A practical review for appropriate plant species selection. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 3(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3
• Besnard, A. G., & Secondi, J. (2014). Hedgerows diminish the value of meadows for grassland birds: Potential conflicts for agri-environment schemes. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 189, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.014
• Biffi, S., Chapman, P. J., Grayson, R. P., & Ziv, G. (2023). Planting hedgerows: Biomass carbon sequestration and contribution towards net-zero targets. Science of the Total Environment, 892, 164482. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164482
• Black, K., Lanigan, G., Ward, M., Kavanagh, I., Ó hUallacháin, D., & Sullivan, L. O. (2023). Biomass carbon stocks and stock changes in managed hedgerows. Science of the Total Environment, 871, 162073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162073
• Blanco, J., Sourdril, A., Deconchat, M., Barnaud, C., San Cristobal, M., & Andrieu, E. (2020). How farmers feel about trees: Perceptions of ecosystem services and disservices associated with rural forests in southwestern France. Ecosystem Services, 42, 101066. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101066
• Blanuša, T., Garratt, M., Cathcart-James, M., Hunt, L., & Cameron, R. W. F. (2019). Urban hedges: A review of plant species and cultivars for ecosystem service delivery in north-west Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 44, 126391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019. 126391
• Blanuša, T., & Hadley, J. (2019). Impact of plant choice on rainfall run-off delay and reduction by hedge species. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 15(4), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-019- 00390-x
• Blanuša, T., Hunt, L., & Horne, E. (2021). Increasing the environmental resilience of UK gardens. RHS National Gardening Survey 2020. https:// www.rhs.org.uk/science/pdf/increasing-environmental-resilience -of-gardens.pdf
• Brady, E. (2006). The aesthetics of agricultural landscapes and the rela tionship between humans and nature. Ethics, Place & Environment, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668790500518024
• Britt, C., Churchward, J., Shea, L., McMillan, S., & Wilson, D. (2000). Hedgerow management: A study of farmers' and contractors' attitudes. Defra project BD2103. http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default. aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID= 8318&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=BD2103&SortS tring=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description
• Broughton, R. K., Burkmar, R., McCracken, M., Mitschunas, N., Norton, L. R., Pallett, D. W., Patton, J., Redhead, J. W., Staley, J. T., Wood, C. M., & Pywell, R. F. (2024). UKCEH land cover plus: Hedgerows 2016– 2021 (England). NERC EDS Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/d90a3733-2949-4dfa-8ac2-a88aef8699be
• Carey, P. D., Wallis, S., Chamberlain, P. M., Cooper, A., Emmett, B. A., Maskell, L. C., McCann, T., Murphy, J., Norton, L. R., Reynolds, B., Scott, W. A., Simpson, I. C., Smart, S. M., & Ullyett, J. M. (2008). Countryside survey: UK results from 2007. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/5191/1/N0051 91CR%20UK%20Results.pdf
• Chambers, M., Crossland, M., Westaway, S., & Smith, J. (2015). Guidance on bringing England's hedges back into the farm business by managing them for woodfuel. Organic Research Centre. https://zenodo.org/ record/2641806#.ZBRXjN3P1D
• Clark, K., Garratt, M., Mauchline, A., Felton, M., Potts, S., & Bromfield, L. (2022). The benefits of hedges and hedgerows: Database of literature. University of Reading. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.17864/ 1947.000371
• Collier, M. J. (2021). Are field boundary hedgerows the earliest example of a nature-based solution? Environmental Science and Policy, 120, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.02.008
• CPRE. (2022). Farming and hedgerows: Stretching the boundaries. https:// www.cpre.org.uk/resources/farming-and-hedgerows-report-december-2022/
• Defra. (2023). Environmental improvement plan 2023. https://www.gov. uk/government/publications/environmental-improvement-plan
• Defra. (2024). Biodiversity net gain. https://www.gov.uk/government/ collections/biodiversity-net-gain
• Defra. (2025). Statutory biodiversity metric tools and guides: Tools and guides for measuring the biodiversity value of habitat for biodiversity net gain (BNG). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ statutory-biodiversity-metric-tools-and-guides
• den Herder, M., Moreno, G., Mosquero-Losada, M. R., Palma, J. H. N., Sidiropoulou, A., Santiago Freijanes, J. J., Crous-Duran, J., Paulo, J., Tomé, M., Pantera, A., Papanastasis, V., Mantzanas, K., Pachana, P., Papadopoulos, A., Plieninger, T., & Burgess, P. J. (2016). Current extent and trends of agroforestry in the EU27. Deliverable report 12 for EU FP7 research project: Agforward 613520, 2nd ed. https://www. agforward.eu/documents/D1_2_Extent_of_Agroforestry.pdf
• Dover, J., & Sparks, T. (2000). A review of the ecology of butterflies in British hedgerows. Journal of Environmental Management, 60, 51– 53. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000.0361
• Dover, J. W. (2019). Introduction to hedgerows and field margins. In J. W. Dover (Ed.), The ecology of hedgerows and field margins (pp. 35–54). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/rsc/downloads/97813 15121413_Chapter_1_John_W._Dover.pdf
• Drexler, S., Gensior, A., & Don, A. (2021). Carbon sequestration in hedgerow biomass and soil in the temperate climate zone. Regional Environmental Change, 21, 74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113- 021-01798-8
• Drexler, S., Thiessen, E., & Don, A. (2023). Carbon storage in old hedgerows: The importance of below-ground biomass. GCB Bioenergy, 16, e13112. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.13112
• European Commission. (2021). List of potential agricultural practices that eco-schemes could support. https://www.agroecology-europe.org/ wp-content/uploads/2021/05/factsheet-agri-practices-under-ecoscheme_en.pdf
• Evensen, K. H., Nordh, H., Hassan, R., & Fyhri, A. (2021). Testing the effect of hedge height on perceived safety -a landscape design intervention. Sustainability, 13(9), 5063. https://doi.org/10.3390/su130 95063
• Fan, J., Yan, L., Zhang, P., & Zhang, G. (2015). Effects of grass contour hedgerow systems on controlling soil erosion in red soil hilly areas, Southeast China. International Journal of Sediment Research, 30(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2015.03.001
• Ford, H., Healey, J. R., Webb, B., Pagella, T. F., & Smith, A. R. (2021). Hedgerow effects on CO2 emissions are regulated by soil type and season: Implications for carbon flux dynamics in livestock-grazed pasture. Geoderm, 382, 114697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geode rma.2020.114697
• Forestry Commission. (2017). Statistical report: Tree cover outside woodland in Great Britain. https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/2022/02/ fr_tree_cover_outside_woodland_in_gb_statistical_report_2017. pdf
• Garratt, M. P. D., Senapathi, D., Coston, D. J., Mortimer, S. R., & Potts, S. G. (2017). The benefits of hedgerows for pollinators and natural enemies depends on hedge quality and landscape context. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 247, 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. agee.2017.06.048
• Gonthier, D. J., Sciligo, A. R., Karp, D. S., Lu, A., Garcia, K., Juarez, G., Chiba, T., Gennet, S., & Kremen, C. (2019). Bird services and disservices to strawberry farming in Californian agricultural landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56, 1948–1959. https://doi.org/10.1111/ 1365-2664.13422
• Gosling, L., Sparks, T. H., Araya, Y., Harvey, M., & Ansine, J. (2016). Differences between urban and rural hedges in England revealed by a citizen science project. BMC Ecology, 16, 15. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s12898-016-0064-1
• Graham, L., Gaulton, R., Gerard, F., & Staley, J. T. (2018). The influence of hedgerow structural condition on wildlife habitat provision in farmed landscapes. Biological Conservation, 220, 122–131. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.017
• Haddaway, N. R., Brown, C., Eales, J., Eggers, S., Josefsson, J., Kronvang, B., Randall, N. P., & Uusi-Kamppa, J. (2018). The multifunctional roles of vegetated strips around and within agricultural fields. Environmental Evidence, 7, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s1375 0-018-0126-2
• Hansford, K. M., Fonville, M., Gillingham, E. L., Coipan, E. C., Pietzsch, M. E., Krawczyk, A. I., Vaux, A. G. C., Cull, B., Sprong, H., & Medlock, J. M. (2017). Ticks and Borrelia in urban and peri-urban green space habitats in a city in southern England. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 8(3), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.12.009
• Holden, J., Grayson, R. P., Berdeni, D., Bird, S., Chapman, P. J., Edmondson, J. L., Firbank, L. G., Helgason, T., Hodson, M. E., Hunt, S. F. P., Jones, D. T., Lappage, M. G., Marshall-Harries, E., Nelson, M., Prendergast-Miller, M., Shaw, H., Wade, R. N., & Leake, J. R. (2019). The role of hedgerows in soil functioning within agricultural landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 273, 1–12. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agee.2018.11.027
• Irfan, M., Shah, H., Koj, A., & Thomas, H. (2018). Finding space to grow urban hedges as a natural air filter along pedestrian paths: A GIS-based investigation of a UK urban centre. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 3, 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s41207-018-0082-9
• Jones, A. T., Hayes, M. J., & Hamilton, N. R. S. (2001). The effect of provenance on the performance of Crataegus monogyna in hedges. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28, 952–962. https://doi.org/10.1046/j. 1365-2664.2001.00650.x
• Kanzler, M., Bohm, C., & Freese, D. (2021). The development of soil organic carbon under young black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) trees at a post-mining landscape in eastern Germany. New Forests, 52, 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-020-09779-1
• Kumar, P., Zavala-Reyes, J. C., Tomson, M., & Kalaiarasan, G. (2022). Understanding the effects of roadside hedges on the horizontal and vertical distributions of air pollutants in street canyons. Environment International, 158, 106883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envint.2021.106883
• Montgomery, I., Caruso, T., & Reid, N. (2020). Hedgerows as ecosystems: Service delivery, management, and restoration. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 51(1), 81–102. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-100346
• Morandin, L. A., Long, R. F., & Kremen, C. (2014). Hedgerows enhance beneficial insects on adjacent tomato fields in an intensive agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 189, 164– 170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.030
• Moreno, G., Aviron, S., Berg, S., Franca, A., García de Jalón, S., Hartel, T., Mirck, J., Pantera, A., Palma, J. H. N., Paulo, J. A., Re, G. E., Sanna, F., Thenail, C., Varga, A., Viaud, V., & Burgess, P. J. (2018). Agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value in Europe: Provision of commercial goods and other ecosystem services. Agroforestry Systems, 92, 877–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0126-1
• Norton, N., McCracken, M., Maskell, L., Staley, J., Wood, C., Henrys, P., Patton, J., & Broughton, R. (2024). An evaluation of Agri-Environment Scheme impact on hedgerows in England. UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Final report to Natural England for project LM04121. https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/538462/
• Oreszczyn, S., & Lane, A. (2000). The meaning of hedgerows in the English landscape: Different stakeholder perspectives and the implications for future hedge management. Journal of Environmental Management, 60, 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000. 0365
• Reif, A., Bazin, P., Degmair, J., Tourret, V., Schmutz, T., & Walentowski, H. (2001). Planting and maintaining hedges in Europe. In C. Barr & S. Petit (Eds.), Hedgerows of the world: Their ecological functions in different landscapes (pp. 289–297). IALE University of Birmingham.
• Rural Payments Agency. (2024). Guidance: Hedgerow management rules: cutting and trimming. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/hedgerow-management-rules-cutting-and-trimming
• Smith, M. M., Bentrup, G., Kellerman, T., MacFarland, K., Straight, R., & Ameyaw, L. (2021). Windbreaks in the United States: A systematic review of producer-reported benefits, challenges, management activities and drivers of adoption. Agricultural Systems, 187, 103032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.103032
• Spaans, F., Caruso, T., & Montgomery, I. (2018). The abundance and condition of hedgerow tree stands in Northern Ireland. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 118B, 129–145. https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2018.12
• Staley, J. T., Amy, S. R., Adams, N. P., Chapman, R. E., Peyton, J. M., & Pywell, R. F. (2015). Re-structuring hedges: Rejuvenation management can improve the long term quality of hedgerow habitats for wildlife in the UK. Biological Conservation, 186, 187–196. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.002
• Staley, J. T., Wolton, R., & Norton, L. R. (2023). Improving and expanding hedgerows—Recommendations for a semi-natural habitat in agricultural landscapes. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 4, e12209. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12209
• Van Vooren, L., Reubens, B., Broekx, S., De Frenne, P., Nelissen, V., Pardon, P., & Verheyen, K. (2017). Ecosystem service delivery of agri-environment measures: A synthesis for hedgerows and grass strips on arable land. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 244, 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.015
• Wolton, R. (2018). The natural capital of hedges: Briefing note. Hedgelinks. https://devonhedges.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Natural-Capital-of-Hedges.-briefing-8-May-2018-Rob-Wolton.pdf
• Wolton, R., Pollard, K., Goodwin, A., & Norton, L. (2014). Regulatory services delivered by hedges: The evidence base. Report of Defra project LM0106. https://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/ProjectDetails?Proje ctID=19237&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=lm0106& SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description
• Wright, J. (2016). A natural history of the hedgerow, and ditches, dykes and dry stone walls. Profile Books Ltd.