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Protease-activated receptor 2, dipeptidyl peptidase I, and proteases mediate Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis

Cottrell, G. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9098-7627, Amadesi, S., Pikios, S., Camerer, E., Willardsen, J. A., Murphy, B. R., Caughey, G. H., Wolters, P. J., Coughlin, S. R., Peterson, A., Knecht, W., Pothoulakis, C., Bunnett, N. W. and Grady, E. F. (2007) Protease-activated receptor 2, dipeptidyl peptidase I, and proteases mediate Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis. Gastroenterology, 132 (7). pp. 2422-2437. ISSN 0016-5085

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To link to this item DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.101

Abstract/Summary

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We studied the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) and its activating enzymes, trypsins and tryptase, in Clostridium difficile toxin A (TxA)-induced enteritis. METHODS: We injected TxA into ileal loops in PAR(2) or dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) knockout mice or in wild-type mice pretreated with tryptase inhibitors (FUT-175 or MPI-0442352) or soybean trypsin inhibitor. We examined the effect of TxA on expression and activity of PAR(2) and trypsin IV messenger RNA in the ileum and cultured colonocytes. We injected activating peptide (AP), trypsins, tryptase, and p23 in wild-type mice, some pretreated with the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist SR140333. RESULTS: TxA increased fluid secretion, myeloperoxidase activity in fluid and tissue, and histologic damage. PAR(2) deletion decreased TxA-induced ileitis, reduced luminal fluid secretion by 20%, decreased tissue and fluid myeloperoxidase by 50%, and diminished epithelial damage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. DPPI deletion reduced secretion by 20% and fluid myeloperoxidase by 55%. In wild-type mice, FUT-175 or MPI-0442352 inhibited secretion by 24%-28% and tissue and fluid myeloperoxidase by 31%-71%. Soybean trypsin inhibitor reduced secretion to background levels and tissue myeloperoxidase by up to 50%. TxA increased expression of PAR(2) and trypsin IV in enterocytes and colonocytes and caused a 2-fold increase in Ca(2+) responses to PAR(2) AP. AP, tryptase, and trypsin isozymes (trypsin I/II, trypsin IV, p23) caused ileitis. SR140333 prevented AP-induced ileitis. CONCLUSIONS: PAR(2) and its activators are proinflammatory in TxA-induced enteritis. TxA stimulates existing PAR(2) and up-regulates PAR(2) and activating proteases, and PAR(2) causes inflammation by neurogenic mechanisms.

Item Type:Article
Refereed:Yes
Divisions:Life Sciences > School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy > School of Pharmacy > Division of Pharmacology
No Reading authors. Back catalogue items
ID Code:30272
Uncontrolled Keywords:Animals *Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology Cathepsin C/deficiency/*metabolism Cells, Cultured Colon/cytology/metabolism Enteritis/*chemically induced/etiology/metabolism/pathology *Enterotoxins/pharmacology Granulocytes/pathology Ileitis/etiology Ileum/metabolism Intestines/metabolism/pathology Mice Mice, Knockout Nervous System/metabolism Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism Peroxidase/metabolism Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency/*metabolism Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism Trypsin/metabolism Trypsin Inhibitors/pharmacology Tryptases/pharmacology Up-Regulation
Additional Information:See link to full text in PUBMED in Related URLs.
Publisher:American Gastroenterological Association

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