An Arctic sea ice energy budget for the last interglacial

Pollock, M., Diamond, R., Heorton, H., Sime, L., Schroeder, D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2351-4306 and Brierley, C. (2026) An Arctic sea ice energy budget for the last interglacial. Geophysical Research Letters, 53 (6). e2025GL120781. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/2025GL120781

Abstract/Summary

With ongoing anthropogenic warming, the Arctic is increasingly dominated by thin, first‐year sea ice. Understanding the ice–ocean–atmosphere interactions in warmer climates is therefore essential. We analyze the Arctic sea‐ice energy budget in nine CMIP6‐PMIP4 lig127k simulations of the Last Interglacial warm Arctic. All models show reduced Last Interglacial summer sea ice, but with substantial inter‐model spread. We demonstrate that this arises from differences in surface energy anomalies, which are highly correlated with sea ice area anomalies (r2 of 74%). Ice–albedo feedbacks dominate this response: reduced ice cover exposes more open ocean, enhances shortwave absorption, and warms the upper ocean. This heat is released in autumn, delaying sea‐ice regrowth. Although modern warming is driven by longwave forcing, our results highlight that shortwave absorption from reduced albedo is a key driver of summer sea‐ice loss, underscoring the need for accurate representation of surface heat‐balance processes in future Arctic projections.

Item Type	Article
URI	https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/id/eprint/128956
Identification Number/DOI	10.1029/2025GL120781
Refereed	Yes
Divisions	Science > School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences > Department of Meteorology
Publisher	American Geophysical Union
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