American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
Arnell, S., Jerlinder, K., & Lundqvist, L. O. (2018). Perceptions of physical activity participation among adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a conceptual model of conditional participation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1792–1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3436-2
Bandini, L. G., Gleason, J., Curtin, C., Lividini, K., Anderson, S. E., Cermak, S. A., … Must, A. (2013). Comparison of physical activity between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. Autism, 17(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361312437416
Borremans, E., Rintala, P., & McCubbin, J. A. (2010). Physical fitness and physical activity in adolescents with Asperger Syndrome: a comparative study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 27(4), 308–320. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.27.4.308
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bremer, E., Balogh, R., & Lloyd, M. (2015). Effectiveness of a fundamental motor skill intervention for 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Autism, 19(8), 980–991. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314557548
Bremer, E., Crozier, M., & Lloyd, M. (2016). A systematic review of the behavioural outcomes following exercise interventions for children and youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20(8), 899–915. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315616002
Coffey, C., Carey, M., Kinsella, S., Byrne, P. J., Sheehan, D., & Lloyd, R. S. (2020). Exercise programming for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Strength & Conditioning Journal, (Sept 20), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000599
Corvey, K., Menear, K. S., Preskitt, J., Goldfarb, S., & Menachemi, N. (2016). Obesity, physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(2), 466–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1844-5
Crawford, S. (2011). An examination of current adapted physical activity provision in primary and special schools in Ireland. European Physical Education Review, 17(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X11402260
Fragala-Pinkham, M., Haley, S. M., & O’neil, M. E. (2008). Group aquatic aerobic exercise for children with disabilities. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 50(11), 822–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03086.x
Golsefidi, R. N., & Hashemi, E. S. (2015). Effect of selected spark motor program on anxiety of children with Asperger. Physical Treatments: Specific Physical Therapy, 5(2), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.15412/j.ptj.07050203
Health Service Executive. (2018). Physical activity guidelines. Retrieved November 9, 2019, from https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/healthwellbeing/our-priority-programmes/heal/physical-activity-guidelines/
Healy, S., Haegele, J. A., Grenier, M., & Garcia, J. M. (2017). Physical activity, screen-time behavior, and obesity among 13-year olds in Ireland with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2920-4
Healy, S., Judge, J. P., Block, M. E., & Kwon, E. H. (2016). Preparing adapted physical educators to teach students with Autism: current practices and future directions. The Physical Educator, 73(1), 97-109. https://doi.org/10.18666/tpe-2016-v73-i1-6082
Healy, S., Nacario, A., Braithwaite, R. E., & Hopper, C. (2018). The effect of physical activity interventions on youth with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Autism Research, 11(6), 818–833. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1955
Hillier, A., Murphy, D., & Ferrara, C. (2011). A pilot study: short-term reduction in salivary cortisol following low level physical exercise and relaxation among adolescents and young adults on the Autism Spectrum. Stress and Health, 27(5), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1391
Irish Primary Physical Education Association. (2017). Retrieved February 5, 2021, from https://www.irishprimarype.com/
Janssen, I., & Leblanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(40), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
Ketcheson, L., Hauck, J. L., & Ulrich, D. (2018). The levels of physical activity and motor skills in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder, aged 2–5 years. Autism, 22(4), 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316683889
Lindsay, S., Proulx, M., Thomson, N., & Scott, H. (2013). Educators’ challenges of including children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mainstream classrooms. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 60(4), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2013.846470
McCoy, S. M., Jakicic, J. M., & Gibbs, B. B. (2016). Comparison of obesity, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors between adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders and without. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(7), 2317–2326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2762-0
McCoy, S. M., & Morgan, K. (2020). Obesity, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder compared with typically developing peers. Autism, 0(0), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319861579
Mckenzie, T. L., Crespo, N. C., Baquero, B., & Elder, J. P. (2010). Leisure-time physical activity in elementary schools: analysis of contextual conditions. Journal of School Health, 80(10), 470–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00530.x
McKenzie, T. L., Marshall, S. J., Sallis, J. F., & Conway, T. L. (2000). Student activity levels, lesson context, and teacher behavior during middle school physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(3), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2000.10608905
Memari, A. H., Panahi, N., Ranjbar, E., Moshayedi, P., Shafiei, M., Kordi, R., & Ziaee, V. (2015). Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and patterns of participation in daily physical and play activities. Neurology Research International, 4(7), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/531906
Must, A., Phillips, S., Curtin, C., & Bandini, L. G. (2015). Barriers to physical qctivity in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: relationship to physical activity and screen time. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(4), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0271
National Council for Special Education (2016). An evaluation of education provision for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Ireland. https://ncse.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/5_NCSE-Education-Provision-ASD-Students-No21.pdf
Nicholson, H., Kehle, T. J., Bray, M. A., & Heest, J. Van. (2011). The effects of antecedent physical activity on the academic engagement of children with autism spectrum disorder. Psychology in the Schools, 48(2), 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20537
Obrusnikova, I., & Dillon, S. R. (2011). Challenging situations when teaching children with autism spectrum disorders in general physical education. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 28(2), 113–131. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.28.2.113
Obrusnikova, I., & Miccinello, D. L. (2012). Parent perceptions of factors influencing after-school physical activity of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 29(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.29.1.63
Oriel, K. N., George, C. L., Peckus, R., & Semon, A. (2011). The effects of aerobic exercise on academic engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 23(2), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0b013e318218f149
Pan, C.-Y., Tsai, C.-L., Chu, C.-H., Sung, M.-C., Ma, W.-Y., & Huang, C.-Y. (2016). Objectively measured physical activity and health-related physical fitness in secondary school-aged male students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Physical Therapy, 96(4), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20140353
Pan, Chien-Yu. (2008). School time physical activity of students with and without Autism Spectrum Disorders during PE and recess. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25(4), 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.25.4.308
Pan, Chien-Yu. (2010). Effects of water exercise swimming program on aquatic skills and social behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 14(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309339496
Pan, Chien-Yu, Chu, C.-H., Tsai, C.-L., Sung, M.-C., Huang, C.-Y., & Ma, W.-Y. (2017). The impacts of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(2), 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316633562
Pan, Chien-Yu, Tsai, C.-L., Chu, C.-H., & Hsieh, K.-W. (2011). Physical activity and self-determined motivation of adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorders in inclusive physical education. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(2), 733–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.08.007
Pitetti, K. H., Rendoff, A. D., Grover, T., & Beets, M. W. (2007). The efficacy of a 9-month treadmill walking program on the exercise capacity and weight reduction for adolescents with severe autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), 997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0238-3
Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Prochaska, J. J., Mckenzie, T. L., Marshall, S. J., & Brown, M. (2001). The association of school environments with youth physical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 91(4), 618–620. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.4.618
Sorensen, C., & Zarrett, N. (2014). Benefits of physical activity for adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a comprehensive review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(4), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-014-0027-4
Sowa, M., & Meulenbroek, R. (2012). Effects of physical exercise on Autism Spectrum Disorders: A meta-analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.09.001
Stanish, H. I., Curtin, C., Must, A., Phillips, S., Maslin, M., & Bandini, L. G. (2017). Physical activity levels, frequency, and type among adolescents with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(3), 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-3001-4
Staples, K. L., & Reid, G. (2010). Fundamental movement skills and autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0854-9
Tse, A. C. Y. (2020). Brief report: impact of a physical exercise intervention on emotion regulation and behavioral functioning in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 4191-4198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04418-2
Woods, C. B., Tannehill, D., Quinlan, A., Moyna, N., & Walsh, J. (2010). The children’s sport participation and physical activity study (CSPPA). School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University and The Irish Sports Council, Dublin, Ireland. https://www.ucd.ie/issda/static/documentation/csppa/csppa-report1.pdf
World Health Organistion (2015). Physical activity and young people. Retrieved November 9, 2019, from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/
Yilmaz, I., Yanardag, M., Birkan, B., & Bumin, G. (2004). Effects of swimming training on physical fitness and water orientation in autism. Pediatrics International, 46(5), 624–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01938.x