Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp and leaf tinctures Inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and activate Nrf2

Tocmo, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4850-977X, Nauman, M. C., Huang, Y., Subedi, P. and Johnson, J. J. (2026) Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp and leaf tinctures Inhibit LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and activate Nrf2. Nutrients, 18 (3). 537. ISSN 2072-6643 doi: 10.3390/nu18030537

Abstract/Summary

Background/Objectives: Xanthones from the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) have been reported to modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. This work explored the anti-inflammatory potential of mangosteen in the form of tinctures. Methods: Tinctures were prepared from the pericarp and leaves, characterized for their major constituents, and evaluated for their in vitro, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Results: HPLC analysis revealed eight major isoprenylated xanthones whose concentrations increased with an increasing alcohol percentage. α-Mangostin and γ-mangostin, two major xanthones present in the tinctures, were stable for 12 weeks at room and elevated (40 °C) temperatures, indicating stability of the tincture. In vitro luciferase reporter assays using HepG2-ARE revealed an alcohol concentration-dependent activation of Nrf2 by pericarp and leaf tinctures. The tinctures inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW264.7 cells. Garcinone C (GarC) and garcinone D (GarD) caused significant inhibition of LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression. GarC and GarD also induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and upregulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase Pi 1 (GSTP1) in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: Taken together, mangosteen tinctures are a significant source of prenylated xanthones with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential.

Item Type	Article
URI	https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/id/eprint/128402
Identification Number/DOI	10.3390/nu18030537
Refereed	Yes
Divisions	Life Sciences > School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy > Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences > Food Microbial Sciences Research Group
Publisher	MDPI
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