Champions, converts, doubters, and defectors: the impact of shifting perceptions on momentum for changeJansen, K., Shipp, A. J. and Michael, J. H. (2016) Champions, converts, doubters, and defectors: the impact of shifting perceptions on momentum for change. Personnel Psychology, 69 (3). pp. 673-707. ISSN 00315826
It is advisable to refer to the publisher's version if you intend to cite from this work. See Guidance on citing. To link to this item DOI: 10.1111/peps.12120 Abstract/SummaryMaintaining momentum is a key influence on the ultimate success of large-scale change. In this paper, we develop theory to explain how stable vs. shifting change-supportive perceptions over time differentially influence the perceived momentum associated with goal-directed change (i.e., change-based momentum). We use cross-level polynomial regression and data obtained early and one year later within an organization implementing a lean manufacturing transformation to model changes in individual perceptions. Results suggest that momentum perceptions are higher for “Champions” (stable and high perceptions over time) as compared to “Converts” (increasing perceptions over time), but momentum perceptions are lower for “Defectors” (decreasing perceptions over time) as compared to “Doubters” (stable and low perceptions over time). We find that even if participants converge upon change-supportive perceptions later in the change process, early divergent perceptions influence subsequent momentum for the change. These findings highlight the important role of temporal shifts in perceptions for organizational change processes.
DownloadsDownloads per month over past year
• Albert, S. 1977. Temporal comparison theory. Psychological Review, 84: 485-503.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.6.485
• Amburgey, T. L., Kelly, D., & Barnett, W. P. 1993. Resetting the clock: The dynamics of organizational change and failure. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 51-73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393254
• Ancona, D. G., Goodman, P. S., Lawrence, B. S., & Tushman, M. L. 2001. Time: A new research lens. Academy of Management Review, 26: 645-663.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2001.5393903
• Armenakis, A. A., & Bedeian, A. G. 1999. Organizational change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25, 293-315.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500303
• Armenakis, A. A., & Harris, S. G. 2002. Crafting a change message to create transformational readiness. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 15: 169-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810210423080
• Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. 1993. Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 46: 681-703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679304600601
• Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. 2008. Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 48-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886307311470
• Avital, M. 2000. Dealing with time in social inquiry: A tension between method and lived experience. Organization Science, 11: 665-673.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.6.665.12532
• Bandura, A. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Barker, I. R., & Currie, R. F. 1985. Do converts always make the most committed Christians? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 24: 305-313.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1385819
• Bartunek, J. M., Rousseau, D. M., Rudolph, J. W., & DePalma, J. A. 2006. On the receiving end: Sensemaking, emotion, and assessments of an organizational change initiated by others. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42: 182-206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886305285455
• Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R., Vandenberghe, C., & Stinglhamber, F. 2005. The role of change in the relationship between commitment and turnover: A latent growth modeling approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90: 468-482.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.468
• Bergh, D. D., & Fairbank, J. F. 2002. Measuring and testing change in strategic management research. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 359-366.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.232
• Bluedorn, A. C., Denhart, R. B. 1988. Time and organizations. Journal of Management, 14: 299-320.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920638801400209
• Boswell, W. R., & Boudreau, J. W. 2001. How leading companies create, measure, and achieve strategic results through 'line of sight.' Management Decision, 39: 851-859.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006525
• Bowen, D. E., & Youngdahl, W. E. 1998. "Lean" service: in defense of a production-line approach. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 9(3), 207-225.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09564239810223510
• Brannick, M. T., Chan, D., Conway, J. M., Lance, C. E., & Spector, P. E. 2010. What is method variance and how can we cope with it? A panel discussion. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 407-420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428109360993
• Brown, S. A., Venkatesh, V., Kuruzovich, J., & Massey, A. P. 2008. Expectation confirmation: An examination of three competing models. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(1): 52-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.008
• Buchanan, D., Fitzgerald, L., Ketley, D., Gollop, R., Jones, J. L., Lamont, S. S. Neath, A., & Whitby, E. 2005. No going back: A review of the literature on sustaining organizational change. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7(3), 189-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2005.00111.x
• Bunker, B. B., & Alban, B. T. 1997. Large group interventions: Engaging the whole system for rapid change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Burkhardt, M. E., & Brass, D. J. 1990. Changing patterns or patterns of change: The effects of a change in technology on social network structure and power. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 104-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393552
• Caplan, R. D. 1983. Person-environment fit: Past, present and future. In C. L. Cooper, Stress Research (pp. 35-78). John Wiley & Sons.
• Carlisle, Y., & Baden-Fuller, C. 2004. Re-applying beliefs: An analysis of change in the oil industry. Organization Studies, 25: 987-1019.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840604045093
• Chan, D. 1998. The conceptualization and analysis of change over time: An integrative approach incorporating Longitudinal Mean and Covariance Structures Analysis (LMACS) and Multiple Indicator Latent Growth Modeling (MLGM). Organizational Research Methods, 1: 421-483.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109442819814004
• Chapman, S., Wong, W. L., & Smith, W. 1993. Self-exempting beliefs about smoking and health: differences between smokers and ex-smokers. American Journal of Public Health, 83(2): 215-219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.83.2.215
• Chrusciel, D. 2008. What motivates the significant/strategic change champion(s)? Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21: 148-160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810810856408
• Clampitt, P. G., DeKoch, R. J., & Cushman, T. 2000. A strategy for communicating about uncertainty. Academy of Management Executive, 14: 41-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.3979815
• Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. 1983. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Coetsee, L. 1999. From resistance to commitment. Public Administration Quarterly, 23: 204-222.
• Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M. 1999. Employee participation and assessment of an organizational change intervention: A three wave study of Total Quality Management. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(4): 439-456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886399354006
• Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M. 2002. Changing employee attitudes: The independent effects of TQM and profit sharing on continuous improvement orientation. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 38: 57-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886302381004
• Cronbach, L. J., & Furby, L. 1970. How we should measure "change" – or should we? Psychological Bulletin, 74: 68-80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0029382
• Devos, G., Buelens, M., & Bouckenooghe, D. 2007. Contribution of content, context, and process to understanding openness to organizational change: Two experimental simulation studies. Journal of Social Psychology, 147: 607-628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.6.607-630
• Dutton, J. E. & Duncan, R. B. 1987. The creation of momentum for change through the process of strategic issue diagnosis. Strategic Management Journal, 8: 279-295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250080306
• Eby, L. T., Adams, D. M., Russell, J. E. A., & Gaby, S. H. 2000. Perceptions of organizational readiness for change: Factor related to employees' reactions to the implementation of team-based selling. Human Relations, 53(3), 419-442.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726700533006
• Edwards, J. R. 1995. Alternatives to difference scores as dependent variables in the study of congruence in organizational research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64: 307-324.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1995.1108
• Edwards, J. R. 2001. Ten difference score myths. Organizational Research Methods, 4: 265-287.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109442810143005
• Edwards, J. R. 2002. Alternatives to difference scores: Polynomial regression analysis and response surface methodology. In F. Drasgow & N. W. Schmitt (Eds.), Advances in measurement and data analysis (pp. 350-400). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Edwards, J. R. & Parry, M. E. 1993. On the use of polynomial regression equations as an alternative to difference scores in organizational research. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 1577-1613.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256822
• Edwards, J. R. 1994. The study of congruence in organizational behavior research: Critique and a proposed alternative. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 58: 51-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1994.1029
• Edwards, J. R. & Rothbard, N. P. 1999. Work and family stress and well-being: An examination of person-environment fit in the work and family domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77: 85-129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2813
• Elias, S. M. 2009. Employee commitment in times of change: Assessing the importance of attitudes toward organizational change. Journal of Management, 35: 37-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308910
• Elster, J. & Loewenstein, G. 1992. Utility from memory and anticipation. In J. Elster & G. Loewenstein (Eds.), Choice over time. (pp.213-234). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Elmes, M. B., & Wynkoop, C. 1990. Enlightened upheaval and large-scale transformation: The Polish solidarity trade union case. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 26: 245-258.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886390262013
• Festinger, L. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson.
• Fischhoff, B., & Beyth, R. 1975. "I knew it would happen": Remembered probabilities of once–future things. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13: 1–16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90002-1
• Ford, J. D., Ford, L. W., & D'Amelio, A. 2008. Resistance to change: The rest of the story. Academy of Management Review, 33: 362-377.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2008.31193235
• Fugate, M., Prussia, G. E., & Kinicki, A. J. 2012. Managing employee withdrawal during organizational change: The role of threat appraisal. Journal of Management, 38(3), 890-914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352881
• Fuller, J. A., Stanton, J. M., Fisher, G. G., Spitzmueller, C., Russell, S. S., & Smith, P. C. 2003. A lengthy look at the daily grind: Time series analysis of events, mood, stress, and satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 1019-1033.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.1019
• Gaertner, K. N. 1989. Winning and losing: Understanding managers' reactions to strategic change. Human Relations, 42: 527-545.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872678904200604
• Gagnon, M. A., & Michael, J. H. 2003. Employee strategic alignment at a wood manufacturer: An exploratory analysis using lean manufacturing. Forest Products Journal, 53(10), 24-29.
• Gagnon, M. A., Jansen, K. J., & Michael, J. H. 2008. Employee alignment with strategic change: A study of strategy-supportive behavior among blue-collar employees. Journal of Managerial Issues, 20: 425-443.
• George, J. M. & Jones, G. R. 2000. The role of time in theory and theory building. Journal of Management, 26: 657-684.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600404
• Gersick, C. J. G. 1994. Pacing strategic change: The case of a new venture. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 9-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256768
• Gilbert, D. T., Gill, M. J., & Wilson, T. D. 2002. The future is now: Temporal correction in affective forecasting. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 88: 430-444.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2982
• Ginsberg, A., & Abrahamson, E. 1991. Champions of change and strategic shifts: The role of internal and external change advocates. Journal of Management Studies, 28(2), 173-190.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1991.tb00276.x
• Ginsberg, A. & Venkatraman, N. 1995. Institutional initiatives for technological change: From issue interpretation to strategic choice. Organization Studies, 16: 425-448.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069501600303
• Gioia, D. A. & Chittipeddi, K. 1991. Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 433-448.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250120604
• Greenwood, R., & Hinings, C. R., 1988. Organizational design types, tracks, and the dynamics of strategic change. Organization Studies, 9: 293-316.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084068800900301
• Gross, J., & John, O. P. 1998. Mapping the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 170-191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.170
• Haveman, H. 1992. Between a rock and a hard place: Organizational change and performance under conditions of fundamental environmental transformation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 48-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393533
• Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P. 2002. Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 474-487.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.474
• Hofmann, D. A., Jacobs, R., & Baratta, J. E. 1993. Dynamic criteria and the measurement of change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 194-204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.194
• Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G 2007. Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43: 232-255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886306295295
• Irving, P. G., & Meyer, J. P. 1994. Reexamination of the met-expectations hypothesis: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 937-949.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.937
• Isabella, L. A. 1990. Evolving interpretations as a change unfolds: How managers construe key organizational events. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 7-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256350
• Jackson, P.R. & Mullarkey, S. 2000. Lean production teams and health in garment manufacture. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5: 231-245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.2.231
• Jansen, K. J. 2004. From persistence to pursuit: A longitudinal examination of momentum during the early stages of strategic change. Organization Science, 15: 276-294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0064
• Jansen, K. J., & Hofmann, D. A. 2011. Mapping momentum fluctuations during organizational change: A multi-study validation. In W. Pasmore, R. W. Woodman, & R. Shani (Eds.) Research in Organizational Change and Development, Vol. 19, (pp. 163-189).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S0897-3016(2011)0000019008
• Jansen, K. J., & Kristof-Brown, A. L. 2005. Marching to the beat of a different drummer: Examining the impact of pacing congruence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 96, 93-105.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.005
• Jarzabkowski, P., & Sillince, J. 2007. A rhetoric-in-context approach to building commitment to multiple strategic goals. Organization Studies, 28: 1639-1665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840607075266
• Jick, T. D. 1995. Accelerating change for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 24: 77-82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(95)90037-3
• Johns, G. 2006. The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31: 386-408.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2006.20208687
• Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. A. 2004. Aging, adult development, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 29: 440-458.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2004.13670969
• Kanter, R. M. 2001. Evolve!: Succeeding in the Digital Culture of Tomorrow. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
• Kanter, R. M. 2003. Leadership for change: Enduring skills for change masters. Harvard Business School Cases, 1. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost.
• Kerr, N. L., MacCoun, R. J., Hansen, C. H., & Hymes, J.A. 1987. Gaining and losing social support: Momentum in decision-making groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23: 119-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(87)90028-X
• Khuri, A. I., & Cornell, J. A. 1987. Response Surfaces: Designs and Analyses. New York: Marcel Dekker.
• Kotter, J. P. 1995. Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 73: 59-67.
• Kotter, J. P., & Rathgeber, H. 2006. Our iceberg is melting: Changing and succeeding under any conditions. New York: St. Martin's Press.
• Kristof-Brown, A. L., & Stevens, C. K. 2001. Goal congruence in project teams: Does the fit between members' personal master and performance goals matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 1083-1095.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1083
• Landsbergis, P.A., Cahill, J. & Schnall, P. 1999. The impact of lean production and related new systems of work organization on worker health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4: 108-130.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.4.2.108
• Lawler, E. E. 1994. Total Quality Management and employee involvement: Are they compatible? Academy of Management Executive, 8: 68-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ame.1994.9411302396
• Lawrence, P. R. 1954. How to deal with resistance to change. Harvard Business Review, 32: 49-57.
• LePine, J. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Erez, A. 2000. Adaptability to changing task contexts: Effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Personnel Psychology, 53: 563-593.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00214.x
• Levitt, B., & March, J. G. 1988. Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14: 319-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.001535
• Lewin K. 1943. Defining the "Field at a Given Time." Psychological Review. 50: 292-310. Republished in Resolving Social Conflicts & Field Theory in Social Science, Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997.
• Lewis, L. K. 1999. Disseminating information and soliciting input during planned organizational change: Implementers' targets, sources, and channels for communicating. Management Communication Quarterly, 13: 43-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0893318999131002
• Livingstone, L. P., Nelson, D. L., & Barr, S. H. 1997. Person-environment fit and creativity: An examination of supply-value and demand-ability versions of fit. Journal of Management, 23: 119-146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639702300202
• Locke, E. A. & Latham, G. P. 1991. A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Louis, M. R. 1980. Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2392453
• London, M. 1983. Toward a theory of career motivation. Academy of Management Review, 8: 620-630.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1983.4284664
• Mace, F. C., Lalli, J. S., Shea, M. C., & Nevin, J. A. 1992. Behavioral momentum in college basketball. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 25: 657-663.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1992.25-657
• Mace, F. C., Hock, M. L., Lalli, J. S., West, B. J., Belfiore, P., Pinter, E., & Brown, D. K. 1988. Behavioral momentum in the treatment of noncompliance. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 21: 123-141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1988.21-123
• Mace, F. C., Lalli, J. S., Shea, M. C., Lalli, E. P., West, B. J., Roberts, M., & Nevin, J. A. 1990. The momentum of human behavior in a natural setting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54: 163-172.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1990.54-163
• McKenzie, J., Truc, A., & van Winkelen, C. 2001. Winning commitment for knowledge management initiatives. Journal of Change Management, 2: 115-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714042493
• Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. 1991. A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
• Meyer, J. P., Srinivas, E. S., Lal, J. B., & Topolnytsky, L. 2007. Employee commitment and support for an organizational change: Test of the three-component model in two cultures. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80: 185-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317906X118685
• Miller, D. 1993. The architecture of simplicity. Academy of Management Review, 18: 116-138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1993.3997509
• Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. 1980. Momentum and revolution in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 23: 591-614.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/255551
• Mitchell, T., Thompson, L., Peterson, E., & Cronk, R. 1997. Temporal adjustments in the evaluation of events: The "Rosy view." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33: 421-448.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1997.1333
• Murray, H. A. 1938. Explorations in Personality: A Clinical and Experimental Study of Fifty Men of College Age. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Nadler, D., & Nadler, M. B. 1998. Champions of change: How CEOs and their companies are mastering the skills of radical change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Narine, L., & Persaud, D. D. 2003. Gaining and maintaining commitment to large-scale change in healthcare organizations. Health Services Management Research, 16(3), 179-187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095148403322167933
• Nelson, R. R., & Jansen, K. J. 2009. Mapping and managing momentum in IT projects. MIS Quarterly Executive, 8: 141-148.
• Neubert, M. J. & Cady, S. H. 2001. Program commitment: A multi-study longitudinal field investigation of its impact and antecedents. Personnel Psychology, 54: 421-448.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00098.x
• Nevin, J. A., Mandell, C., & Atak, J. R. 1983. The analysis of behavioral momentum. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 39: 49-59.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1983.39-49
• Nutt, P. C., & Backoff, R. W. 1997. Facilitating transformational change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 33(4), 490-508.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886397334005
• Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. 2011. Change recipients' reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461-524.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886310396550
• Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J., & Clark, M. A. 2002. Substantive and operational issues of response bias across levels of analysis: an example of climate-satisfaction relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 355-368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.355
• Parker, D., & Grandy, G. 2009. Looking to the past to understand the present: Organizational change in varsity sport. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 4: 231-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17465640911002527
• Parker, S.K. 2003. Longitudinal effects of lean production on employee outcomes and the mediating role of work characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 620-634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.620
• Piderit, S. K. 2000. Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 783-794.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2000.3707722
• Ployhart, R. E., & Vandenberg, R. J. 2010. Longitudinal research: The theory, design, and analysis of change. Journal of Management, 36(1): 94-120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352110
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2012. Source of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
• Quinn, R. W., Spreitzer, G. M., & Lam, C. F. 2012. Building a sustainable model of human energy in organizations: Exploring the critical role of resources. The Academy of Management Annals, 6(1), 337-396.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2012.676762
• Rafferty, A. E., Jimmieson, N. L., & Armenakis, A. A. 2013. Change readiness: A multilevel review. Journal of Management, 39(1), 110-135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206312457417
• Reisner, R. A. 2002. When a turnaround stalls. Harvard Business Review, 80(2), 45-52.
• Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. 1994. Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 245-259.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150306
• Rodell, J. B., & Colquitt, J. A. Looking ahead in times of uncertainty: The role of anticipatory justice in an organizational change context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 989-1002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015351
• Roskies, E., Liker, J. K., & Roitman, D. B. 1988. Winners and losers: Employee perceptions of their company's technological transformation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9: 123-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030090204
• Rousseau, D. M. & Fried, Y. 2001. Location, location, location: Contextualizing organizational research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22: 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.78
• Sanna, L. J., & Schwarz, N. 2004. Integrating temporal biases: The interplay of focal thoughts and accessibility experiences. Psychological Science, 15: 474-481.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00704.x
• Schneider, M. 2002. A stakeholder model of organizational leadership. Organizational Science, 13: 209-220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.13.2.209.531
• Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G. & Smith, B. 1999. The Dance of Change. The Challenges of Sustaining Momentum in Learning Organizations. NY: Doubleday.
• Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. 1961. Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Shin, J., Taylor, M. S., & Seo, M. G. 2012. Resources for change: The relationships of organizational inducements and psychological resilience to employees' attitudes and behaviors toward organizational change. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 727-748.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0325
• Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. 2010. Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 456-476.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428109351241
• Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. 2003. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. Oxford University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001
• Slocombe, T. E., & Bluedorn, A. C. 1999. Organizational behavior implications of the congruence between preferred polychronicity and experienced work-unit polychronicity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20: 75-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199901)20:1<75::AID-JOB872>3.0.CO;2-F
• Snow, R. P. 1987. Interaction with mass media: The importance of rhythm and tempo. Communication Quarterly, 35: 225-237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463378709369686
• Snow, R. P., & Brissett, D. 1986. Pauses: Explorations in social rhythm. Symbolic Interaction, 9: 1-18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.1986.9.1.1
• Stanley, D. J., Meyer, J. P., & Topolnytsky, L. 2005. Employee cynicism and resistance to organizational change. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(4), 429-459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-005-4518-2
• Steel, R. P., & Lloyd, R. F. 1988. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes of participation in quality circles: Conceptual and empirical findings. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 24, 1-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886388241004
• Sumer, H. C., & Knight, P. A. 1996. Assimilation and contrast effects in performance ratings: Effects of rating the previous performance on rating subsequent performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 436-442.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.436
• Tushman, M. L., & Romanelli, E. 1985. Organizational evolution: A metamorphosis model of convergence and reorientation. In L. L. Cummings and B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 7 (pp. 177-222). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
• Vakola, M. 2014. What's in there for me? Individual readiness to change and the perceived impact of organizational change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(3), 195-209.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2012-0064
• Vallerand, R. J., Colavecchio, P. G., & Pelletier, L. G. 1988. Psychological momentum and performance inferences: A preliminary test of the antecedents-consequences psychological momentum model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10: 92-108.
• Van den Bos, K. 2002. Assimilation and contrast in organizational justice: The role of primed mindsets in the psychology of the fair process effect. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89(1): 866-880.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00033-X
• Van de Ven, A. H. & Poole, M. S. 1995. Explaining development and change in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20: 510-540.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1995.9508080329
• Vandenberg, R. J., & Self, R. M. 1993. Assessing newcomers' changing commitments to the organization during the first 6 months of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 557-568.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.557
• Walker, H. J., Armenakis, A. A., & Bernerth, J. B. 2007. Factors influencing organizational change efforts: An integrative investigation of change content, context, process and individual differences. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(6), 761-773.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810710831000
• Weick, K. E. 1979. The Social Psychology of Organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
• Weick, K. E., & Quinn, R. E. 1999. Organizational change and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 50: 361-386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.361
• Weisbord, M. R., 1988. Towards a new practice theory of OD: Notes on snapshooting and moviemaking. In W. Pasmore and R. W. Woodman (Eds.), Research in Organizational Change and Development, Vol. 2: 59-96. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
• Wemmerlov, U., & Hyer, N. L. 1989. Cellular manufacturing in the U. S. industry: A survey of users. International Journal of Production Research, 27: 1511-1530.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207548908942637
• Weiner, B. J. 2009. A theory of organizational readiness for change. Implementation Science, 4(1), 67-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-4-67
• Womack, J.P. & Jones, D.T. 1994. From lean production to the lean enterprise. Harvard Business Review, March-April: 93-103.
• Womack, J.P., Jones, D.T. & Roos, D. 1991. The Machine that Changed the World. New York. Harper-Collins.
• Worley, J. M., & Doolen, T. L. 2006. The role of communication and management support in a lean manufacturing implementation. Management Decision, 44(2), 228-245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740610650210
• Zald, M. N., & Ash, R. 1966. Social movement organizations: Growth, decay and change. Social forces, 44(3), 327-341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/44.3.327
• Zald, M. N., & McCarthy, J. D. 1979. The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control, and Tactics. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers. University Staff: Request a correction | Centaur Editors: Update this record |