• García-Pentón L, Fernández García Y, Costello B, Duñabeitia JA, Carreiras M (2016) The neuroanatomy of bilingualism: how to turn a hazy view into the full picture. Lang Cogn Neurosci 31(3):303–327.
• Li P, Legault J, Litcofsky KA (2014) Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex 58:301–324.
• Pliatsikas C (2019) Multilingualism and brain plasticity. The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, ed Schweiter JW (Wiley Blackwell), pp 0–9.
• Luk G, Bialystok E, Craik FIM, Luk G (2012) Bilingualism: Consequences for Mind and Brain. Trends Cogn Sci 16(4):240–250.
• Kroll JF, Dussias PE, Bogulski CA, Kroff JRV (2012) Juggling two languages in one mind. What bilinguals tell us about language processing and its consequences for cognition (Elsevier Inc.) doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394393-4.00007-8.
• Abutalebi J, Green DW (2016) Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: neural adaptation and reserve. Biling Lang Cogn 19(04):689–698.
• Luk G, Bialystok E (2013) Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage. J Cogn Psychol 25(5):605–621.
• Surrain S, Luk G (2017) Describing bilinguals: A systematic review of labels and descriptions used in the literature between 2005–2015. Biling Lang Cogn:1–15.
• Bialystok E (2016) The signal and the noise: Finding the pattern in human behavior. Linguist Approaches to Biling 6(5):517–534.
• Klein RM (2016) What cognitive processes are likely to be exercised by bilingualism and does this exercise lead to extra-linguistic cognitive benefits? Linguist Approaches to Biling 5(2016):549–564.
• Paap KR, Johnson HA, Sawi OM (2015) Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex 69:265–278.
• Luk G, Pliatsikas C (2016) Converging diversity to unity: commentary on The neuroanatomy of bilingualism. Lang Cogn Neurosci 31(3):349–352.
• Mårtensson J, et al. (2012) Growth of language-related brain areas after foreign language learning. Neuroimage 63(1):240–244.
• Burgaleta M, Sanjuán A, Ventura-Campos N, Sebastián-Gallés N, Ávila C (2016) Bilingualism at the core of the brain. Structural differences between bilinguals and monolinguals revealed by subcortical shape analysis. Neuroimage 125:437–445.
• Pliatsikas C, DeLuca VF, Moschopoulou E, Saddy JD (2017) Immersive bilingualism reshapes the core of the brain. Brain Struct Funct 222(4):1785–1795.
• Schlegel AA, Rudelson JJ, Tse PU (2012) White Matter Structure Changes as Adults Learn a Second Language. J Cogn Neurosci 24(8):1664–1670.
• Luk G, Bialystok E, Craik FIM, Grady CL (2011) Lifelong Bilingualism Maintains White Matter Integrity in Older Adults. J Neurosci 31(46):16808–16813.
• Green DW, Abutalebi J (2013) Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. J Cogn Psychol 25:1–16.
• Grundy JG, Anderson JAE, Bialystok E (2017) Neural correlates of cognitive processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1396(1):183–201.
• Nichols ES, Joanisse MF (2016) Functional activity and white matter microstructure reveal the independent effects of age of acquisition and proficiency on second-language learning. Neuroimage 143:15–25.
• Rossi E, Cheng H, Kroll JF, Diaz MT, Newman SD (2017) Changes in White-Matter Connectivity in Late Second Language Learners: Evidence from Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Front Psychol 8(November):1–15.
• Kuhl PK, et al. (2016) Neuroimaging of the bilingual brain: Structural brain correlates of listening and speaking in a second language. Brain Lang 162:1–9.
• Abutalebi J, et al. (2013) Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals. Cortex 49(3):905–911.
• Mamiya PC, Richards TL, Coe BP, Eichler EE, Kuhl PK (2016) Brain white matter structure and COMT gene are linked to second-language learning in adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci:1–6.
• Linck JA, Kroll JF, Sunderman G (2009) Losing Access to the Native Language While Immersed in a Second Language: Evidence for the Role of Inhibition in Second-Language Learning. Psychol Sci 20(12):1507–1515.
• Anderson JAE, Mak L, Keyvani Chahi A, Bialystok E (2018) The language and social background questionnaire: Assessing degree of bilingualism in a diverse population. Behav Res Methods 50(1):250–263.
• Ullman MT (2004) Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition 92(1–2):231–270.
• Bellander M, et al. (2016) Behavioral correlates of changes in hippocampal gray matter structure during acquisition of foreign vocabulary. Neuroimage 131:205–213.
• Pliatsikas C, Moschopoulou E, Saddy JD (2015) The effects of bilingualism on the white matter structure of the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(5):1334–1337.
• Llano DA (2013) Functional imaging of the thalamus in language. Brain Lang 126(1):62–72.
• Pliatsikas C, Johnstone T, Marinis T (2014) Grey matter volume in the cerebellum is related to the processing of grammatical rules in a second language: A structural voxel-based morphometry study. Cerebellum 13(1):55–63.
• Geranpayeh A (2003) A quick review of the English Quick Placement Test. UCLES Res Notes (12):8–10.
• DeLuca VF, Rothman J, Pliatsikas C (2018) Linguistic immersion and structural effects on the bilingual brain: a longitudinal study. Biling Lang Cogn 1:1–16.
• Smith SM, et al. (2004) Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage 23(SUPPL. 1):S208–S219.
• Jenkinson M, Beckmann CF, Behrens TEJ, Woolrich MW, Smith SM (2012) FSL. Neuroimage 62(2):782–790.
• Ashburner J, Friston KJ (2000) Voxel-Based Morphometry—The Methods. Neuroimage 11(6):805–821.
• Good CD, et al. (2001) Cerebral asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure: a voxel-based morphometric analysis of 465 normal adult human brains. Neuroimage 14(3):685–700.
• Patenaude B, Smith SM, Kennedy DN, Jenkinson M (2011) A Bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. Neuroimage 56(3):907–922.
• Andersson JLR, Skare S, Ashburner J (2003) How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: Application to diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 20(2):870–888.
• Andersson JLR, Sotiropoulos SN (2016) An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. Neuroimage 125:1063–1078.
• Singh NC, et al. (2017) Microstructural anatomical differences between bilinguals and monolinguals. Biling Lang Cogn:1–14.
• Anderson JAE, et al. (2018) Effects of bilingualism on white matter integrity in older adults. Neuroimage 167(June 2017):143–150.
• Behrens TEJ, et al. (2003) Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 50(5):1077–1088.
• Smith SM, et al. (2006) Tract-based spatial statistics: Voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. Neuroimage 31(4):1487–1505.
• Beckmann CF, Smith SM (2004) Probabilistic Independent Component Analysis for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 23(2):137–152.
• Beckmann CF, Smith SM (2005) Tensorial extensions of independent component analysis for multisubject FMRI analysis. Neuroimage 25(1):294–311.
• Smith SM, et al. (2009) Correspondence of the brain’s functional architecture during activation and rest. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(31):13040–13045.
• Griffanti L, et al. (2016) Hand classification of fMRI ICA noise components. Neuroimage (December). doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.036.
• Seeley WW, et al. (2007) Dissociable Intrinsic Connectivity Networks for Salience Processing and Executive Control. J Neurosci 27(9):2349–2356.
• Beckmann CF, Mackay CE, Filippini N, Smith SM (2009) Group comparison of resting-state FMRI data using multi-subject ICA and dual regression. Neuroimage 47(Suppl 1):S148.
• Winkler AM, Ridgway GR, Webster MA, Smith SM, Nichols TE (2014) Permutation inference for the general linear model. Neuroimage 92:381–397.
• Smith SM, Nichols TE (2009) Threshold-free cluster enhancement: Addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference. Neuroimage 44(1):83–98.
• Ford AA, et al. (2013) Broca’s area and its striatal and thalamic connections: a diffusion-MRI tractography study. Front Neuroanat 7(May):1–12.
• Botvinick MM, Braver TS (2014) Motivation and cognitive control: From behavior to neural mechanism. Annu Rev Psychol 66:82–113.
• Chase HW, Kumar P, Eickhoff SB, Dombrovski AY (2015) Reinforcement learning models and their neural correlates: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 15(2):435–459.
• Hosoda C, Tanaka K, Nariai T, Honda M, Hanakawa T (2013) Dynamic Neural Network Reorganization Associated with Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition: A Multimodal Imaging Study. J Neurosci 33(34):13663–13672.
• Luk G, Green DW, Abutalebi J, Grady CL (2012) Cognitive control for language switching in bilinguals: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Lang Cogn Process 27(10):1479–1488.
• Ma H, et al. (2014) Bilingual cognitive control in language switching: An fMRI study of English-Chinese late bilinguals. PLoS One 9(9):1–8.
• Viñas-Guasch N, Wu YJ (2017) The role of the putamen in language: a meta-analytic connectivity modeling study. Brain Struct Funct:1–14.
• Zou L, Ding G, Abutalebi J, Shu H, Peng D (2012) Structural plasticity of the left caudate in bimodal bilinguals. Cortex 48(9):1197–1206.
• Bak TH (2016) The impact of bilingualism on cognitive aging and dementia: Finding a path through a forest of confounding variables. Linguist Approaches to Biling 2(2016):205–226.
• Bak TH (2016) Cooking pasta in La Paz. Linguist Approaches to Biling 5(2016):1–19.
• Rothman J (2015) Linguistic and cognitive motivations for the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) of third language (L3) transfer: Timing of acquisition and proficiency considered. Biling Lang Cogn 18(02):179–190.
• Valenzuela E, et al. (2015) Eventive and stative passives and copula selection in Canadian and American Heritage Speaker Spanish. New Perspectives on the Study of Ser and Estar, eds Pérez-Jiménez I, Leonetti M, Gumiel-Molina S (John Benjamins, Amsterdam), pp 267–292.