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Annamalai, H., Slingo, J. M., Sperber, K. R. and Hodges, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-229X (1999) The mean evolution and variability of the Asian summer monsoon: Comparison of ECMWF and NCEP-NCAR reanalyses. Monthly Weather Review, 127 (6). pp. 1157-1186. ISSN 1520-0493 doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<1157:TMEAVO>2.0.CO;2

Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Golitsyn, G. S., Mokhov, I. I., Semenov, V. A. and Sporyshev, P. V. (1999) Analysis and modelling of the hydrological regime in the Caspian Sea basin. Doklady Earth Science, 366 (4). pp. 552-556. ISSN 1028-334X (print), 1531-8354 (electronic version)

Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Golitsyn, G. S., Mokhov, I. I., Semenov, V. A. and Sporyshev, P. V. (1999) Caspian sea level variability: Long-term GCM simulations. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 1 (2). p. 549. ISSN 1607-7962

B

Bengtsson, L. (1999) Climate Modelling and Prediction - Achievements and Challenges. In: Proceedings of the International CLIVAR Conference, Paris, December 2-4, 1998. World Meteorological Organisation, pp. 59-73.

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Bengtsson, L. (1999) From short-range barotropic modelling to extended-range global weather prediction: a 40-year perspective. Tellus B, 51 (1). pp. 13-32. ISSN 0280-6509 doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00003.x

Bengtsson, L., Roeckner, E. and Stendel, M. (1999) Why is the global warming proceeding much slower than expected? Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (D4). p. 3865. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1998JD200046

Bunse-Gerstner, A., Byers, R., Mehrmann, V. and Nichols, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-5220 (1999) Feedback design for regularizing descriptor systems. Linear Algebra and its Applications, 299 (1-3). pp. 119-151. ISSN 0024-3795 doi: 10.1016/S0024-3795(99)00167-6

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Chandler, M. O., Fuselier, S. A., Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172 and Moore, T. E. (1999) Evidence of component merging equatorward of the cusp. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (A10). pp. 22623-22633. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1999JA900175

Chu, D., Mehrmann, V. and Nichols, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-5220 (1999) Minimum norm regularization of descriptor systems by mixed output feedback. Linear Algebra and its Applications, 296 (1-3). pp. 39-77. ISSN 0024-3795 doi: 10.1016/S0024-3795(99)00108-1

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Dritschel, D. G., de la Torre Juárez, M. and Ambaum, M. H. P. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6824-8083 (1999) The three-dimensional vortical nature of atmospheric and oceanic turbulent flows. Physics of Fluids, 11 (6). pp. 1512-1520. ISSN 1070-6631 doi: 10.1063/1.870014

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FELTHAM, D. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-014X and GRAE WORSTER, M. (1999) Flow-induced morphological instability of a mushy layer. Journal Of Fluid Mechanics, 391. pp. 337-357. ISSN 0022-1120 doi: 10.1017/S002211209900539X

Fox, N. J., Cowley, S. W. H., Davda, V. N., Enno, G., Friis-Christensen, E., Greenwald, R. A., Hairston, M. R., Lester, M., Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172, Lühr, H., Milling, D. K., Murphree, J. S., Pinnock, M. and Reeves, G. D. (1999) A multipoint study of a substorm occurring on 7 December, 1992, and its theoretical implications. Annales Geophysicae, 17 (11). pp. 1369-1384. ISSN 0992-7689 doi: 10.1007/s00585-999-1369-6

Fuselier, S. A., Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172, Onsager, T. G. and Peterson, W. K. (1999) The source population for the cusp and cleft/LLBL for southward IMF. Geophysical Research Letters, 26 (12). pp. 1665-1668. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/1999GL900354

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Giorgetta, M. A. and Bengtsson, L. (1999) Potential role of the quasi-biennial oscillation in the stratosphere-troposphere exchange as found in water vapor in general circulation model experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (D6). p. 6003. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1998JD200112

Giorgetta, M. A., Bengtsson, L. and Arpe, K. (1999) An investigation of QBO signals in the east Asian and Indian monsoon in GCM experiments. Climate Dynamics, 15 (6). pp. 435-450. ISSN 0930-7575 doi: 10.1007/s003820050292

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Hodges, K. I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-229X (1999) Adaptive constraints for feature tracking. Monthly Weather Review, 127 (6). pp. 1362-1373. ISSN 1520-0493 doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<1362:ACFFT>2.0.CO;2

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Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172 and Cowley, S. W. H. (1999) Comment on “A statistical study of the ionospheric convection response to changing interplanetary magnetic field conditions using the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics technique” by A.J. Ridley et al. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (A3). pp. 4387-4391. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1998JA900145

Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172 and Davis, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-5649 (1999) The correct application of Poynting's theorem to the time-dependent magnetosphere: reply to Heikkila. Annales Geophysicae, 17 (2). pp. 178-181. ISSN 0992-7689 doi: 10.1007/s00585-999-0178-2

Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172 and Hapgood, M. A. (1999) The low-latitude boundary layer: Application of ISTP advances to past data. In: Toward Solar Max 2000: The Present Achievements and Future Opportunities of ISTP and GEM, February 10-13, 1998, Yosemite Park, California, USA, pp. 103-111. doi: 10.1029/GM109p0103 (in “The Physics of Sun-Earth Plasma and Field Processes” ed. J. Burch, AGU Monograph 109, 103-111, doi: 10.1029/GM109p0103, 1999)

Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172 and Moen, J. (1999) Reconfiguration and closure of lobe flux by reconnection during northward IMF: possible evidence for signatures in cusp/cleft auroral emissions. Annales Geophysicae, 17 (8). pp. 996-1011. ISSN 0992-7689 doi: 10.1007/s00585-999-0996-2

Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172 and Stamper, R. (1999) Long-term drift of the coronal source magnetic flux and the total solar irradiance. Geophysical Research Letters, 26 (16). pp. 2461-2464. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: 10.1029/1999GL900485

Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172, Stamper, R. and Wild, M. N. (1999) A doubling of the sun's coronal magnetic field during the last 100 years. Nature, 399 (6735). pp. 437-439. ISSN 0028-0836 doi: 10.1038/20867

Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172, Stamper, R., Wild, M. N., Balogh, A. and Jones, G. (1999) Our changing Sun. Astronomy & Geophysics, 40 (4). 4.10-4.16. ISSN 1366-8781 doi: 10.1093/astrog/40.4.4.10

Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172, Wild, M. N., Stamper, R., Davis, C. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-5649 and Grande, M. (1999) Predicting solar disturbance effects on navigation systems. Journal of Navigation, 52 (2). pp. 203-216. ISSN 0373-4633 doi: 10.1017/S0373463399008279

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Martin, M. J. and Nichols, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-5220, (1999) Treatment of systematic errors in sequential data assimilation. Technical Note. 21. Technical Report. UK Meteorological Office, Ocean Applications Division

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850 and Harris, A.R. (1999) Toward the elimination of bias in satellite retrievals of skin sea surface temperature. 2: Comparison with in situ measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (C10). ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1999JC900106

Merchant, C.J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4687-9850, Harris, A.R., Murray, M.J. and Zavody, A.M. (1999) Toward the elimination of bias in satellite retrievals of skin sea surface temperature 1. Theory, modeling and inter-algorithm comparison. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (C10). pp. 23565-23578. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1999JC900105

Methven, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7636-6872 and Hoskins, B. (1999) The advection of high-resolution tracers by low-resolution winds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 56 (18). pp. 3262-3285. ISSN 1520-0469 doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3262:TAOHRT>2.0.CO;2

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Ngan, K. and Shepherd, T. G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-9968 (1999) A closer look at chaotic advection in the stratosphere: part I: geometric structure. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 56 (24). pp. 4134-4152. ISSN 1520-0469 doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4134:ACLACA>2.0.CO;2

Ngan, K. and Shepherd, T. G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-9968 (1999) A closer look at chaotic advection in the stratosphere: part II: statistical diagnostics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 56 (24). pp. 4153-4166. ISSN 1520-0469 doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<4153:ACLACA>2.0.CO;2

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Osborn, T. J., Conway, D., Hulme, M., Gregory, J. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-8644 and Jones, P. D. (1999) Air flow influences on local climate: observed and simulated mean relationships for the United Kingdom. Climate Research, 13 (3). pp. 173-191. ISSN 0936-577X doi: 10.3354/cr013173

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Pavan, V., Hall, N., Valdes, P. and Blackburn, M. (1999) The importance of moisture distribution for the growth and energetics of mid-latitude systems. Annales Geophysicae, 17 (2). pp. 242-256. ISSN 0992-7689 doi: 10.1007/s00585-999-0242-y

Pielke Sr, R. A., Walko, R. L., Steyaert, L. T., Vidale, P. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1800-8460, Liston, G. E., Lyons, W. A. and Chase, T. N. (1999) The influence of anthropogenic landscape changes on weather in south Florida. Monthly Weather Review, 127 (7). pp. 1663-1672. ISSN 1520-0493 doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<1663:TIOALC>2.0.CO;2

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Ravishankara, A.R. and Shepherd, T.G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-9968, (1999) Lower stratospheric processes. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. 44. Technical Report. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. ISBN 9280717227

Reichert, B. K., Bengtsson, L. and Åkesson, O. (1999) Simulation of Valley Glaciers Using GCM Output with a Statistical-Dynamical Modeling Approach. In: Ritchie, H. (ed.) Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling. WMO/TD (942). World Meteorological Organisation, 7.54-7.55.

Reichert, B. K., Bengtsson, L. and Åkesson, O. (1999) A statistical modeling approach for the simulation of local paleoclimatic proxy records using general circulation model output. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104. pp. 19071-19083. ISSN 0148-0227

Roeckner, E., Bengtsson, L., Feichter, J., Lelieveld, J. and Rodhe, H. (1999) Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere–ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle. Journal of Climate, 12 (10). pp. 3004-3032. ISSN 0894-8755 doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3004:TCCSWA>2.0.CO;2

Rosier, S. M. and Lawrence, B. N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9262-7860 (1999) The January 1992 stratospheric sudden warming: A role for tropical inertial instability? Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 125 (559). pp. 2575-2596. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.49712555912

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Sedgemore-Schulthess, K. J. F., Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172, Trondsen, T. S., Lanchester, B. S., Rees, M. H., Lorentzen, D. A. and Moen, J. (1999) Coherent EISCAT Svalbard Radar spectra from the dayside cusp/cleft and their implications for transient field-aligned currents. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (A11). pp. 24613-24624. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1999JA900276

Shepherd, T. G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-9968 (1999) The stratosphere and climate. CMOS Bulletin SCMO, 27 (6). pp. 174-179.

Sibeck, D.G., Paschmann, G., Treumann, R.A., Fuselier, S.A., Lennartsson, W., Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172, Lundin, R., Ogilvie, K.W., Onsager, T.G., Phan, T.-D., Roth, M., Scholer, M., Sckopke, N., Stasiewicz, K. and Yamauchi, M. (1999) Plasma transfer processes at the magnetopause. Space Science Reviews, 88 (1/2). pp. 207-283. ISSN 0038-6308 doi: 10.1023/A:1005255801425

Small, J. S., Humphreys, P. N., Johnstone, T. L., Plant, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Randall, M. G. and Trivedi, D. P. (1999) Results of an aqueous source term model for a radiological risk assessment of the Drigg LLW Site, U.K. MRS Proceedings, 608 (129). ISSN 1946-4274 doi: 10.1557/PROC-608-129

Stamper, R., Lockwood, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7397-2172, Wild, M. N. and Clark, T. D. G. (1999) Solar causes of the long-term increase in geomagnetic activity. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (A12). pp. 28325-28342. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: 10.1029/1999JA900311

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Thorncroft, C. D. and Blackburn, M. (1999) Maintenance of the African easterly jet. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 125 (555). pp. 763-786. ISSN 1477-870X doi: 10.1002/qj.49712555502

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Ulbrich, U., Christoph, M., Pinto, J. G. and Corte‐Real, J. (1999) Dependence of winter precipitation over Portugal on NAO and baroclinic wave activity. International Journal of Climatology, 19 (4). pp. 379-390. ISSN 0899-8418 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19990330)19:4<379::AID-JOC357>3.0.CO;2-8

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Vanneste, J. and Shepherd, T. G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-9968 (1999) On wave action and phase in the non-canonical Hamiltonian formulation. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 455 (1981). pp. 3-21. ISSN 1364-5021 doi: 10.1098/rspa.1999.0301

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Wirosoetisno, D. and Shepherd, T. G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-9968 (1999) Nonlinear stability of Euler flows in two-dimensional periodic domains. Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics, 90 (3-4). pp. 229-246. ISSN 0309-1929 doi: 10.1080/03091929908204120

Wood, R. A., Keen, A. B., Mitchell, J. F. B. and Gregory, J. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-8644 (1999) Changing spatial structure of the thermohaline circulation in response to atmospheric CO2 forcing in a climate model. Nature, 399. pp. 572-575. ISSN 0028-0836 doi: 10.1038/21170