Satoh, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2312-0051, Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340 and Nakano, S.'y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-4610 (2024) Online state and time‐varying parameter estimation using the implicit equal‐weights particle filter. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4698

Hu, C.‐C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-8975, Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340 and Geer, A. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-5519 (2024) A non‐parametric way to estimate observation errors based on ensemble innovations. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4710

Williams, N., Byrne, N., Feltham, D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-014X, Van Leeuwen, P. J., Bannister, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-8297, Schroeder, D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2351-4306, Ridout, A. and Nerger, L. (2023) The effects of assimilating a sub-grid scale sea ice thickness distribution in a new Arctic sea ice data assimilation system. The Cryosphere, 17 (6). pp. 2509-2532. ISSN 1994-0424 doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2509-2023

Amezcua, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-8354, Ren, H. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4342-3305 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340 (2023) Using the (iterative) ensemble Kalman smoother to estimate the time correlation in model error. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 75 (1). pp. 108-128. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.16993/tellusa.55

Lang, O., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Crisan, D. and Potthast, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-2500 (2022) Bayesian inference for fluid dynamics: a case study for the stochastic rotating shallow water model. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 8. 949354. ISSN 2297-4687 doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2022.949354

Yang, C. K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7685-4481, Chiu, J. C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-6913, Marshak, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3973-1359, Feingold, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0774-2926, Várnai, T. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-2522, Wen, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2977-4993, Yamaguchi, T. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8059-0757 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340 (2022) Near‐cloud aerosol retrieval using machine learning techniques, and implied direct radiative effects. Geophysical Research Letters, 49 (20). e2022GL098274. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098274

Di Mauro, C. D., Hostache, R., Matgen, P., Pelich, R., Chini, M., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Nichols, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-5220 and Blöschl, G. (2022) A tempered particle filter to enhance the assimilation of SAR-derived flood extent maps into flood forecasting models. Water Resources Research, 58 (8). e2022WR031940. ISSN 1944-7973 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR031940

Tao, D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-3623, Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340, Bell, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-331X and Ying, Y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9988-3488 (2022) Dynamics and predictability of tropical cyclone rapid intensification in ensemble simulations of Hurricane Patricia (2015). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127 (8). e2021JD036079. ISSN 2169-897X doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036079

Pathiraja, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-3164 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340 (2022) Multiplicative non‐gaussian model error estimation in data assimilation. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 14 (4). e2021MS002564. ISSN 1942-2466 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ms002564

Shackelford, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1327-2721, DeMott, C. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3975-1288, Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340, Thompson, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0131-4170 and Hagos, S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7591-9933 (2022) Rain‐induced stratification of the equatorial Indian Ocean and its potential feedback to the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127 (3). e2021JC018025. ISSN 2169-9291 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jc018025

Chakraborty, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3134-1946 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340 (2022) Using mutual information to measure time lags from nonlinear processes in astronomy. Physical Review Research, 4 (1). 013036. ISSN 2643-1564 doi: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.013036

Tamang, S. K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-3576, Ebtehaj, A., Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340, Lerman, G. and Foufoula-Georgiou, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-231X (2022) Ensemble Riemannian data assimilation: towards large-scale dynamical systems. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 29 (1). pp. 77-92. ISSN 1607-7946 doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-29-77-2022

Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340, DeCaria, M., Chakraborty, N. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3134-1946 and Pulido, M. (2021) A framework for causal discovery in non-intervenable systems. Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, 31 (12). 123128. ISSN 1089-7682 doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0054228

Dauzickaite, I., Lawless, A. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-6568, Scott, J. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-1091 and Leeuwen, P. J. (2021) On time-parallel preconditioning for the state formulation of incremental weak constraint 4D-Var. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 147 (740). pp. 3521-3529. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4140

Daužickaitė, I. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1285-1764, Lawless, A. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-6568, Scott, J. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-1091 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340 (2021) Randomised preconditioning for the forcing formulation of weak constraint 4D‐Var. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 147 (740). pp. 3719-3734. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4151

Di Mauro​​​​​​​, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-6850, Hostache, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8109-6010, Matgen, P., Pelich, R., Chini, M., Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340, Nichols, N. K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-5220 and Blöschl, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2227-8225 (2021) Assimilation of probabilistic flood maps from SAR data into a coupled hydrologic–hydraulic forecasting model: a proof of concept. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 25 (7). pp. 4081-4097. ISSN 1027-5606 doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4081-2021

Tamang, S. K., Ebtehaj, A., Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340, Zou, D. and Lerman, G. (2021) Ensemble Riemannian data assimilation over the Wasserstein space. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 28 (3). pp. 295-309. ISSN 1023-5809 doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-295-2021

Hu, C.‐C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-8975 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340 (2021) A particle flow filter for high‐dimensional system applications. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 147 (737). pp. 2352-2374. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4028

Lucini, M. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6615-7711, Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Pulido, M. (2021) Model error estimation using the expectation maximization algorithm and a particle flow filter. SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification, 9 (2). pp. 681-707. ISSN 2166-2525 doi: https://doi.org/10.1137/19M1297300

Ren, H., Amezcua, J. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2021) Effects of misspecified time-correlated model error in the (ensemble) Kalman Smoother. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 147 (734). pp. 573-588. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3934

Chiu, J. C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-6913, Yang, C. K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7685-4481, Van Leeuwen, P. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5340, Feingold, G. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0774-2926, Wood, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1401-3828, Blanchard, Y. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-3041, Mei, F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-2749 and Wang, J. (2021) Observational constraints on warm cloud microphysical processes using machine learning and optimization techniques. Geophysical Research Letters, 48 (2). e2020GL091236. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091236

Kedzuf, N. J., Chiu, C., Chandrasekar, V., Biswas, S., Joshil, S. S., Lu, Y., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Westbrook, C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2889-8815, Blanchard, Y. and O'Shea, S. (2021) Retrieving microphysical properties of concurrent pristine ice and snow using polarimetric radar observations. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 14 (10). pp. 6885-6904. ISSN 1867-8548 doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6885-2021

van Leeuwen, P. J. (2020) A consistent interpretation of the stochastic version of the Ensemble Kalman Filter. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146 (731). pp. 2815-2825. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3819

Dauzickaite, I., Lawless, A. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-6568, Scott, J. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-1091 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2020) Spectral estimates for saddle point matrices arising in weak constraint four-dimensional variational data assimilation. Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, 27 (5). ISSN 1099-1506 doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/nla.2313

van Leeuwen, T., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Zhuk, S. (2020) Data-driven modeling for wave-propagation. In: Numerical Mathematics and Advanced Applications ENUMATH 2019, 30 Sept- 4 Oct 2019, Egmond aan Zee, The Netherlands, pp. 683-691. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55874-1_67

Holm, H. H., Sætra, M. L. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2020) Massively parallel implicit equal-weights particle filter for ocean drift trajectory forecasting. Journal of Computational Physics: X, 6. 100053. ISSN 2590-0552 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpx.2020.100053

Tao, D., Bell, M., Rotunno, R. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2020) Why do the maximum intensities in modeled tropical cyclones vary under the same environmental conditions? Geophysical Research Letters, 47 (3). e2019GL085980. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085980

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2019) Nonlocal observations and information transfer in data assimilation. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 5. ISSN 2297-4687 doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2019.00048

Pinheiro, F. R., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Geppert, G. (2019) Efficient nonlinear data assimilation using synchronisation in a particle filter. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145 (723). pp. 2510-2523. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3576

Van Leeuwen, P. J., Künsch, H. R., Nerger, L., Potthast, R. and Reich, S. (2019) Particle filters for high‐dimensional geoscience applications: a review. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145 (723). pp. 2335-2365. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3551

Pulido, M., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Posselt, D. J. (2019) Kernel embedded nonlinear observational mappings in the variational mapping particle filter. In: ICCS 2019, 12-14 Jun 2019, Faro, Portugal, pp. 141-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22747-0_11

Gommenginger, C., Chapron, B., Hogg, A., Buckingham, C., Fox-Kemper, B., Eriksson, L., Soulat, F., Ubelmann, C., Ocampo-Torres, F., Nardelli, B. B., Griffin, D., Lopez-Dekker, P., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O., Stenseng, L., Stapleton, N., Perrie, W., Violante-Carvalho, N., Schulz-Stellenfleth, J., Woolf, D., Isern-Fontanet, J., Ardhuin, F., Klein, P., Mouche, A., Pascual, A., Capet, X., Hauser, D., Stoffelen, A., Morrow, R., Aouf, L., Breivik, Ø., Fu, L.-L., Johannessen, J. A., Aksenov, Y., Bricheno, L., Hirschi, J., Martin, A. C. H., Martin, A. P., Nurser, G., Polton, J., Wolf, J., Johnsen, H., Soloviev, A., Jacobs, G. A., Collard, F., Groom, S., Kudryavtsev, V., Wilkin, J., Navarro, V., Babanin, A., Martin, M., Siddorn, J., Saulter, A., Rippeth, T., Emery, B., Maximenko, N., Romeiser, R., Graber, H., Azcarate, A. A., Hughes, C. W., Vandemark, D., Silva, J. d., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Naveira-Garabato, A., Gemmrich, J., Mahadevan, A., Marquez, J., Munro, Y., Doody, S. and Burbidge, G. (2019) SEASTAR: a mission to study ocean submesoscale dynamics and small-scale atmosphere-ocean processes in coastal, shelf and polar seas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. 457. ISSN 2296-7745 doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00457

Skauvold, J., Eidsvik, J., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Amezcua, J. (2019) A revised implicit equal-weights particle filter. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145 (721). ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3506

Amezcua, J. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2018) Time-correlated model error in the (ensemble) Kalman smoother. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144 (717). pp. 2650-2665. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3378

Zhu, M., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Zhang, W. (2018) Estimating model error covariances using particle filters. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144 (713). pp. 1310-1320. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3132

Pinheiro, F. R., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Parlitz, U. (2018) An ensemble framework for time delay synchronisation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 144 (711(partB)). pp. 305-316. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3204

Vetra-Carvalho, S., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Nerger, L., Bart, A., Altaf, M. U., Brasseur, P., Kirchgessner, P. and Beckers, J.-M. (2018) State-of-the-art stochastic data assimilation methods for high-dimensional non-Gaussian problems. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 70 (1). 1445364. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2018.1445364

Lang, M., Browne, P., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Owens, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2061-2453 (2017) Data assimilation in the solar wind: challenges and first results. Space Weather, 15 (11). pp. 1490-1510. ISSN 1542-7390 doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017SW001681

Goodliff, M., Amezcua, J. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2017) A weak-constraint 4DEnsembleVar. Part II: experiments with larger models. Tellus A, 69 (1). 1271565. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2016.1271565

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2017) Particle Filters for nonlinear data assimilation in high-dimensional systems. Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse Mathématiques, 26 (4). pp. 1051-1085. ISSN 0240-2963 doi: https://doi.org/10.5802/afst.1560

Amezcua, J., Goodliff, M. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2017) A weak-constraint 4DEnsembleVar. Part I: formulation and simple model experiments. Tellus A, 69 (1). 1271564. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2016.1271564

Zhu, M., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Amezcua, J. (2016) Implicit equal-weights particle filter. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. ISSN 0035-9009 doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2784

Lang, M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1904-3700, Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Browne, P. (2016) A systematic method of parameterisation estimation using data assimilation. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 68 (1). 29012. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v68.29012

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2015) Representation errors and retrievals in linear and nonlinear data assimilation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141 (690). pp. 1612-1623. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2464 (Part A)

Vaughan, G., Methven, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7636-6872, Anderson, D., Antonescu, B., Baker, L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0738-9488, Baker, T. P., Ballard, S. P., Bower, K. N., Brown, P. R. A., Chagnon, J., Choularton, T. W., Chylik, J., Connolly, P. J., Cook, P. A., Cotton, R. J., Crosier, J., Dearden, C., Dorsey, J. R., Frame, T. H. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6542-2173, Gallagher, M. W., Goodliff, M., Gray, S. L. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8658-362X, Harvey, B. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6510-8181, Knippertz, P., Lean, H. W., Li, D., Lloyd, G., Martinez-Alvarado, O. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-0379, Nicol, J., Norris, J., Öström, E., Owen, J., Parker, D. J., Plant, R. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-0022, Renfrew, I. A., Roberts, N. M., Rosenberg, P., Rudd, A. C., Schultz, D. M., Taylor, J. P., Trzeciak, T., Tubbs, R., Vance, A. K., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Wellpott, A. and Woolley, A. (2015) Cloud banding and winds in intense European cyclones: results from the DIAMET project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96 (2). pp. 249-265. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00238.1

Van Leeuwen, P. (2015) Aspects of particle filtering in high-dimensional spaces. In: Ravela, S. and Sandu, A. (eds.) Dynamic data-driven environmental systems science. Lecture notes in computer science, 8964. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 251-262. ISBN 9783319251370 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25138-7

Goodliff, M., Amezcua, J. and Van Leeuwen, P. (2015) Comparing hybrid data assimilation methods on the Lorenz 1963 model with increasing nonlinearity. Tellus A, 67. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v67.26928

Buehner, M., Gelaro, R., Alves, O., Dee, D., Kalnay, E., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Lorenc, A., Miyoshi, T., Saunders, R. and Schiller, A. (2015) Data assimilation methods and applications. In: Brunet, G., Jones, S. and Ruti, P.M. (eds.) Seamless prediction of the earth system: from minutes to months. World Meteorological Organization. ISBN 9789263111562

Van Leeuwen, P. J., Cheng, Y. and Reich, S. (2015) Nonlinear data assimilation. Frontiers in Applied Dynamical Systems: Reviews and Tutorials, 2. Springer. ISBN 9783319183466

Browne, P. A. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2015) Twin experiments with the equivalent weights particle filter and HadCM3. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2621

Ades, M. and Van Leeuwen, P. (2015) The effect of the equivalent-weights particle filter on dynamical balance in a primitive equation model. Monthly Weather Review, 143 (2). pp. 581-596. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00050.1

Van Leeuwen, P. (2014) Particle filters for the geosciences. In: Advanced data assimilation for Geosciences : lecture notes of the Les Houches School of Physics: special issue, June 2012. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 291-318. ISBN 9780198723844

Amezcua, J. and Van Leeuwen, P. (2014) Gaussian anamorphosis in the analysis step of the EnKF: a joint state-variable/observation approach. Tellus A, 66. 23493. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23493

Ades, M. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2014) The equivalent-weights particle filter in a high-dimensional system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141 (687). pp. 484-503. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2370

Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Ades, M. (2013) Efficient fully nonlinear data assimilation for geophysical fluid dynamics. Computers & Geosciences, 55. pp. 16-27. ISSN 0098-3004 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.04.015

Fowler, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3650-3948 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2013) Observation impact in data assimilation: the effect of non-Gaussian observation error. Tellus A, 65. 20035. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20035

Ades, M. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2013) An exploration of the equivalent weights particle filter. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 139 (672 part A). pp. 820-840. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1995

Moodey, A. J. F., Lawless, A. S. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-6568, Potthast, R. W. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-2500 and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2013) Nonlinear error dynamics for cycled data assimilation methods. Inverse Problems, 29 (2). 025002. ISSN 0266-5611 doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/0266-5611/29/2/025002

Bianchi, B., Van Leeuwen, P., Hogan, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-5157 and Berne, A. (2013) A variational approach to retrieve rain rate by combining information from rain gauges, radars, and microwave links. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 14 (6). pp. 1897-1909. ISSN 1525-7541 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-094.1

Kramer, W., Dijkstra, H. A., Pierini, S. and van Leeuwen, P. J. (2012) Measuring the impact of observations on the predictability of the Kuroshio Extension in a shallow-water model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 42 (1). pp. 3-17. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-014.1

Fowler, A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3650-3948 and Van Leeuwen, P. (2012) Measures of observation impact in non-Gaussian data assimilation. Tellus A, 64. 17192. ISSN 1600-0870 doi: https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v64i0.17192

Van Leeuwen, P. and De Ruijter, W. P. M. (2012) Reply to comments on ‘On the steadiness of separating meandering currents’. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 42 (8). pp. 1371-1374. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-11-0213.1

van Leeuwen, P. (2011) Efficient non-linear data assimilation in geophysical fluid dynamics. Computers & Fluids, 46 (1). pp. 52-58. ISSN 0045-7930 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2010.11.011

Ridderinkhof, H., van der Werf, P. M., Ullgren, J. E., van Aken, H. M., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and de Ruijter, W. P. M. (2010) Seasonal and interannual variability in the Mozambique Channel from moored current observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115 (C6). C06010. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005619

van der Werf, P. M., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Ridderinkhof, H. and de Ruijter, W. P. M. (2010) Comparison between observations and models of the Mozambique Channel transport: Seasonal cycle and eddy frequencies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115 (C2). C02002. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005633

van Sebille, E., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Biastoch, A. and de Ruijter, W. P.M. (2010) Flux comparison of Eulerian and Lagrangian estimates of Agulhas leakage: A case study using a numerical model. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 57 (3). pp. 319-327. ISSN 0967-0637 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.12.006

van Leeuwen, P. J. (2010) Nonlinear data assimilation in geosciences: an extremely efficient particle filter. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136 Part B (653). pp. 1991-1999. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.699

van Sebille, E., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Biastoch, A. and de Ruijter, W. P. M. (2010) On the fast decay of Agulhas rings. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115 (C3). C03010. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005585

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2009) Particle filtering in geophysical systems. Monthly Weather Review, 137 (12). pp. 4089-4114. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2835.1

van der Werf, P. M., Schouten, M. W., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Ridderinkhof, H. and de Ruijter, W. P. M. (2009) Observation and origin of an interannual salinity anomaly in the Mozambique Channel. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114 (C3). C03017. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004911

van Sebille, E., Biastoch, A., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and de Ruijter, W. P. M. (2009) A weaker Agulhas Current leads to more Agulhas leakage. Geophysical Research Letters, 36 (3). L03601. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036614

van Sebille, E., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Biastoch, A., Barron, C.N. and de Ruijter, W.P.M. (2009) Lagrangian validation of numerical drifter trajectories using drifting buoys: Application to the Agulhas system. Ocean Modelling, 29 (4). pp. 269-276. ISSN 1463-5003 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.05.005

Van Leeuwen, P. J. and de Ruijter, W. P. M. (2009) On the steadiness of separating meandering currents. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39 (2). pp. 437-448. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3869.1

Van Sebille, E., Barron, C.N., biastoch, A., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Vossepoel, F.C. and De Ruijter, W.P.M. (2009) Relating Agulhas leakage to the Agulhas Current retroflection location. Ocean Science, 5 (4). pp. 511-521. ISSN 1812-0784 doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-511-2009

De Steur, L. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2009) The influence of bottom topography on the decay of modeled Agulhas rings. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers , 56 (4). 471-494 . ISSN 0967-0637 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.11.009

Sterl, A., Severijns, C., Dijkstra, H., Hazeleger, W., Jan van Oldenborgh, G., van den Broeke, M., Burgers, G., van den Hurk, B., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and van Velthoven, P. (2008) When can we expect extremely high surface temperatures? Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (14). L14703. ISSN 0094-8276 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034071

van Sebille, E. and van Leeuwen, P. J. (2007) Fast northward energy transfer in the Atlantic due to Agulhas rings. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37 (9). pp. 2305-2315. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO3108.1

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2007) The propagation mechanism of a vortex on the β plane. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37 (9). pp. 2316-2330. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO3107.1

Palastanga, V., Van Leeuwen, P. J., Schouten, M. W. and de Ruijter, W. P. M. (2007) Flow structure and variability in the subtropical Indian Ocean: Instability of the South Indian Ocean Countercurrent. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (C1). C01001. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003395

Vossepoel, F. C. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2007) Parameter estimation using a particle method: inferring mixing coefficients from sea level observations. Monthly Weather Review, 135 (3). pp. 1006-1020. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3328.1

de Ruijter, W. P. M., Brummer, G. -J. A., Drijfhout, S. S., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Peeters, F., Ridderinkhof, H., van Aken, H. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2006) Observations of the inter-ocean exchange around South Africa. EOS transactions, 87 (9). p. 97. ISSN 0096-3941 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006EO090002

Palastanga, V., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and de Ruijter, W. P. M. (2006) A link between low-frequency mesoscale eddy variability around Madagascar and the large-scale Indian Ocean variability. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111 (C9). C09029. ISSN 0148-0227 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003081

Brasseur, P., Bahurel, P., Bertino, L., Birol, F., Brankart, J.-M., Ferry, N., Losa, S., Remy, E., Schröter, J., Skachko, S., Testut, C.-E., Tranchant, B., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Verron, J. (2005) Data assimilation for marine monitoring and prediction: The MERCATOR operational assimilation systems and the MERSEA developments. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131 (613). pp. 3561-3582. ISSN 1477-870X doi: https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.05.142

de Steur, L., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Drijfhout, S. S. (2004) Tracer Leakage from Modeled Agulhas Rings. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34 (6). pp. 1387-1399. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1387:TLFMAR>2.0.CO;2

Schouten, M. W., de Ruijter, W. P.M., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Ridderinkhof, H. (2003) Eddies and variability in the Mozambique Channel. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 50 (12-13). pp. 1987-2003. ISSN 09670645 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(03)00042-0

van Hees, F., van der Steen, A. J. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2003) A parallel data assimilation model for oceanographic observations. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 15 (13). pp. 1191-1204. ISSN 1532-0626 doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.726

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2003) A variance-minimizing filter for large-scale applications. Monthly Weather Review, 131 (9). pp. 2071-2084. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2071:AVFFLA>2.0.CO;2

Burgers, G., Balmaseda, M. A., Vossepoel, F. C., van Oldenborgh, G. J. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2002) Balanced Ocean-Data Assimilation near the Equator. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32 (9). pp. 2509-2519. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485-32.9.2509

Schouten, M. W., De Ruijter, W. P. M. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2002) Upstream control of Agulhas Ring shedding. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (C8). ISSN 0148-0227 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000804

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2001) An ensemble smoother with error estimates. Monthly Weather Review, 129 (4). pp. 709-728. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0709:AESWEE>2.0.CO;2

Evensen, G. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (2000) An Ensemble Kalman Smoother for Nonlinear Dynamics. Monthly Weather Review, 128 (6). pp. 1852-1867. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<1852:AEKSFN>2.0.CO;2

Schonten, M. W., de Ruijter, W. P. M., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Lutjeharms, J. R. E. (2000) Translation, decay and splitting of Agulhas rings in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105 (C9). pp. 21913-21925. ISSN 01480227 doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000046

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (1999) Comment on “Data Assimilation Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter Technique”. Monthly Weather Review, 127 (6). pp. 1374-1377. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<1374:CODAUA>2.0.CO;2

de Ruijter, W. P. M., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Lutjeharms, J. R. E. (1999) Generation and Evolution of Natal Pulses: Solitary Meanders in the Agulhas Current. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29 (12). pp. 3043-3055. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<3043:GAEONP>2.0.CO;2

Weijer, W., de Ruijter, W. P. M., Dijkstra, H. A. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (1999) Impact of Interbasin Exchange on the Atlantic Overturning Circulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29 (9). pp. 2266-2284. ISSN 0022-3670 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<2266:IOIEOT>2.0.CO;2

Burgers, G., Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Evensen, G. (1998) Analysis Scheme in the Ensemble Kalman Filter. Monthly Weather Review, 126 (6). pp. 1719-1724. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1719:ASITEK>2.0.CO;2

Van Leeuwen, P. J. (1997) A monitoring system for the Indian-Atlantic connection. Proceedings of the First International Conference on EuroGOOS, 62. pp. 596-602. ISSN 04229894 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(97)80071-2

Evensen, G. and Van Leeuwen, P. J. (1996) Assimilation of Geosat Altimeter Data for the Agulhas Current Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter with a Quasigeostrophic Model. Monthly Weather Review, 124 (1). pp. 85-96. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<0085:AOGADF>2.0.CO;2

Van Leeuwen, P. J. and Evensen, G. (1996) Data Assimilation and Inverse Methods in Terms of a Probabilistic Formulation. Monthly Weather Review, 124 (12). pp. 2898-2913. ISSN 0027-0644 doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2898:DAAIMI>2.0.CO;2