Liyanagunawardena, T. and Williams, S. A. (2021) Emergency remote education: experience from Sri Lanka during Covid-19. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 16 (1). pp. 207-229. ISSN 1347-9008

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Lundqvist, K., Mitchell, R., Warburton, S. and Williams, S. A. (2019) A MOOC taxonomy based on classification schemes of MOOCs. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 22 (1). pp. 85-103. ISSN 1027-5207

Treffers-Daller, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-6736, Parslow, P. and Williams, S. (2018) Back to basics: how measures of lexical diversity can help discriminate between CEFR levels. Applied Linguistics, 39 (3). pp. 302-327. ISSN 1477-450X doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw009

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Parslow, P. and Williams, S. A. (2017) Exploring ‘success’ in MOOCs: participants’ perspective. In: Bennett, R. and Kent, M. (eds.) Massive open online courses and higher education: what went right, what went wrong and where to next? Routledge, London, pp. 92-108. ISBN 9781472481986

Liyanagunawardena, T., Scalzavara, S. and Williams, S. (2017) Open badges: a systematic review of peer-reviewed published literature (2011-2015). European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 20 (2). pp. 1-16. ISSN 1027-5207

Otto, F., Badrul, N. A., Williams, S. and Lundqvist, K. Ø. (2016) Students’ perception of privacy risks in using social networking sites for learning: a study of Uganda Christian University. In: Vincenti, G., Bucciero, A. and Vaz de Carvalho, C. (eds.) E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (160). Springer, pp. 182-190. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28883-3_23

Otto, F., Williams, S. and Lundqvist, K. (2016) Using social networking tools for teaching and learning: a perspective of University lecturers and students. In: Vincenti, G., Bucciero, A. and Vaz de Carvalho, C. (eds.) E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering (160). Springer, pp. 191-199. ISBN 9783319288826 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28883-3_24

Liyanagunawardena, T. R. and Williams, S. A. (2016) Elderly learners and Massive Open Online Courses: a review. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 5 (1). e1. ISSN 1929-073X doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/ijmr.4937

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Lundqvist, K. O. and Williams, S. A. (2015) Massive Open Online Courses and economic sustainability. European Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 18 (2). pp. 95-111. ISSN 1027-5207 doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/eurodl-2015-0015

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Lundqvist, K. O. and Williams, S. A. (2015) Who are with us: MOOC learners on a FutureLearn course. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46 (3). pp. 557-569. ISSN 1467-8535 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12261 (Special issue on MOOCs)

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Lundqvist, K. O. and Williams, S. A. (2015) Massive Open Online Courses and sustainability. In: OER15: Mainstreaming Open Education, April 14-15 2015, Cardiff.

Liyanagunawardena, T. and Williams, S. (2015) Massive Open Online Courses and perspectives from learners in developing countries. VISTAS Journal, 9. pp. 19-37.

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Lundqvist, K., Parslow, P. and Williams, S. (2014) MOOCs and retention: does it really matter? In: Can MOOCs save Europe's unemployed youth? EC TEL, 16th September, Graz.

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., Rassool, N. and Williams, S. A. (2014) Developing government policies for distance education: lessons learnt from two Sri Lankan case studies. International Review of Education, 60 (6). pp. 821-839. ISSN 1573-0638 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-014-9442-0

Otto, F. and Williams, S. (2014) Official use of social network sites by African universities. In: Pan African International Conference on Information Science, Computing and Telecommunications (PACT), July 14 - 18, 2014, Arusha, Tanzania, pp. 46-51.

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A. and Williams, S. A. (2014) MOOCs: A Systematic Study of the Published Literature 2008-2012. Distance Education in China, 3. pp. 5-16.

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Lundqvist, K. O., Micallef, L. and Williams, S. A. (2014) Teaching programming to beginners in a massive open online course. In: OER14: building communities of open practice, 28-29 April 2014, Newcastle.

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., Rassool, N. and Williams, S. A. (2014) Blended learning in distance education: Sri Lankan perspective. International Journal of Education and Development using Information Communication Technologies (IJEDICT), 10 (1). pp. 55-69. ISSN 1814-0556

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Parslow, P. and Williams, S. (2014) Dropout: MOOC participants’perspective. In: EMOOCs 2014, the Second MOOC European Stakeholders Summit, 10-12 th February 2014, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 95-100.

Liyanagunawardena, T. R. and Williams, S. (2014) Massive Open Online Courses on health and medicine: review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16 (8). e191. ISSN 1438-8871 doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3439

Otto, F. and Williams, S. (2014) Social collaborative e-Learning in higher education: exploring the role of informal learning. In: Vincenti, G., Bucciero, A. and de Carvalho, C. V. (eds.) E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 138. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp. 130-137. ISBN 9783319132938 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13293-8_16

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Williams, S. and Adams, A. A. (2014) The impact and reach of MOOCs: a developing countries’ perspective. eLearning Papers. pp. 38-46. ISSN 1887-1542

Liyanagunawardena, T., Adams, A., Rassool, N. and Williams, S. (2013) Telecentres and e-learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44 (5). E156-E158. ISSN 1467-8535 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12020

Adams, A., Liyanagunawardena, T., Rassool, N. and Williams, S. (2013) Use of open educational resources in higher education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44 (5). E149-E150. ISSN 1467-8535 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12014

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Williams, S. and Rassool, N. (2013) Experience of international students from developing countries in negotiating technology for learning. In: EDULEARN13, July 01-03 2013, Barcelona, pp. 4611-4616.

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A. and Williams, S. A. (2013) MOOCs: a systematic study of the published literature 2008-2012. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14 (3). pp. 202-227. ISSN 1492-3831

Liyanagunawardena, T., Williams, S. and Adams, A. (2013) The impact and reach of MOOCs:a developing countries’ perspective. eLearning Papers (33). ISSN 1887-1542

Williams, S., Spiret, C., Dimitriadi, Y. and McCrindle, R. (2013) Guiding e-learning: introducing online informal learning to a global voluntary organisation. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44 (2). E39-E41. ISSN 1467-8535 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01361.x

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., Rassool, N. and Williams, S. (2013) Globalization and technology-mediated distance education: developing countries’ perspective. In: The Unisa Cambridge International Conference on Open, Distance and eLearning, 29 September 2013- 02 October 2013, Cape Town, South Africa.

Williams, S., Terras, M. and Warwick, C. (2013) How Twitter is studied in the medical professions: a classification of Twitter papers indexed in PubMed. Medicine 2.0, 2 (2). e2. ISSN 1923-2195 doi: https://doi.org/10.2196/med20.2269

Williams, S. A., Lundqvist, K. and Parslow, P. (2013) RedGloo: Experiences of developing and using an emerging technology in higher education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44 (4). pp. 668-672. ISSN 1467-8535 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12055

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., Rassool, N. and Williams, S. A. (2013) Using non-personal computers for eLearning: Sri Lankan experience. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 1 (2). pp. 152-158. ISSN 2324-805X doi: https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v1i2.96

Williams, S., Terras, M. M. and Warwick, C. (2013) What people study when they study Twitter: classifying Twitter related academic papers. Journal of Documentation, 69 (3). pp. 384-410. ISSN 0022-0418 doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-03-2012-0027

Williams, S., Spiret, C., Dimitriadi, Y. and McCrindle, R. (2012) Auditing technology uses within a global voluntary organisation. In: Global TIME: Global Conference on Technology, Innovation, Media & Education, 7-9 February 2012, Online, pp. 104-109.

Hussey, R., Williams, S. and Mitchell, R. (2012) Automatic keyphrase extraction: a comparison of methods. In: eKNOW, Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Information Process, and Knowledge Management , Valencia, Spain, pp. 18-23.

Paviotti, G., Lundqvist, K. and Williams, S. (2012) Data mining in education. In: Paviotti, G., Rossi, P. G. and Zarka, D. (eds.) Intelligent tutoring system: an overview. Pensa Multimedia, Lecce, Italy, pp. 85-100. ISBN 9788867600489

Williams, S., Fleming, S., Lundqvist, K. and Parslow, P. (2012) This is me: digital identity and reputation on the Internet. In: Warburton, S. and Hatzipanagos, S. (eds.) Digital identities and social media. IGI Global, United Kingdom, pp. 104-117. doi: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1915-9

Hussey, R., Williams, S., Mitchell, R. and Field, I. (2012) A comparison of automated keyphrase extraction techniques and of automatic evaluation vs. human evaluation. International Journal on Advances in Life Sciences, 4 (3 and 4). pp. 136-153. ISSN 1942-2660

Hussey, R., Williams, S. and Mitchell, R. (2011) Keyphrase extraction by synonym analysis of n-grams for e-journals categorisation. In: eKNOW 2011 : The Third International Conference on Information, Process, and Knowledge Management, February 23-28, 2011, Guadeloupe, France, pp. 83-86.

Lundqvist, K. O., Baker, K. and Williams, S. (2011) Ontology supported competency system. International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 7 (3/4). pp. 197-219. ISSN 1741-1017 doi: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKL.2011.044539

Hussey, R., Williams, S. and Mitchell, R. (2011) Automated categorisation of e-journals by synonym analysis of n-grams. The International Journal on Advances in Software, 4 (3-4). pp. 532-542. ISSN 1942-2628

Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., Rassool, N. and Williams, S. (2011) Extending higher educational opportunities through e-learning: a case study from Sri Lanka. In: 1st International Australasian Conference on Enabling Access to Higher Education Adelaide, South Australia 2011, 5-7 December 2011, Adelaide, South Australia, pp. 291-301.

Williams, S. A., Fleming, S. C. and Parslow, P. N., (2010) Digital identity for careers. This is me. Report. Lulu, Reading, UK. pp27.

Williams, S. A., Fleming, S. C. and Parslow, P. N., (2010) Digital identity for health professionals. This is me. Report. Lulu, Reading, UK.

Williams, S. A., Fleming, S. C. and Parslow, P. N., (2010) Digital identity for the retired. This is me. Report. Lulu, Reading, UK.

Williams, S. A., Fleming, S. C., Lundqvist, K. O. and Parslow, P. N. (2010) Understanding your digital identity. Learning Exchange, 1 (1). ISSN 2043-6602

Connor, R., Williams, S. A., Finch, R. P. and McCrindle, R. J. (2009) Development of 'i-Chiro' - a novel e-learning platform to support the post-qualification training of recent graduates. In: World Federation of Chiropractic Congress, 30 May - 2 June, 2009, Montreal, Canada.

Williams, S. A., Parslow, P. and Lundqvist, K. O. (2009) Position paper on the future of social networking. In: W3C Symposium, 15-16 January 2009, Barcelona, Spain.

Williams, S. (2009) Evolution or revolution: the future of identity and access management for research. In: Eduserv Symposium.

Lubega, J. and Williams, S. (2009) Integrating constructive feedback in personalised e-learning. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (5685). pp. 218-229. ISSN 0302-9743 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03697-2_21

Randall, P. and Williams, S. (2009) Managing meetings in Second Life: the protocol guide. Scribd . p. 15.

Parslow, P., Williams, S., Fleming, S. and Hussey, R. (2009) This is me: learning about your digital identity. OdinLab, pp41.

Parslow, P., Lundqvist, K. Ø., Williams, S., Ashton, R. and Evans, M. (2008) Facebook & BlackBoard: comparative view of learning environments. In: SSE Systems Engineering Conference 2008, 25-26 Sep 2008, The University of Reading.

Evans, M.P., Williams, S.A., Parslow, P., Ashton, R.P., Lundqvist, K.O. and Porter-Daniels, E. (2008) The MeAggregator: personal aggregation and the life-long tail of the web. In: Seventh International Network Conference (INC 2008), Plymouth, UK, 8-10 .

Williams, S., Lundqvist, K.O., Ashton, R., Evans, M. P., Parslow, P. and Porter-Daniels, E. (2008) Developing community via the RedGloo learning landscape. In: Internet Research 9.0: Rethinking Community, Rethinking Place, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Lundqvist, K.O., Ashton, R. , Evans, M. P., Parslow, P., Porter-Daniels, E. and Williams, S. (2008) MeAggregator™. In: Internet Research 9.0: Rethinking Community, Rethinking Place, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Parslow, P., Williams, S., Evans, M. P., Lundqvist, K.O., Ashford, R. and Porter-Daniels, E. (2008) eLearning communities and spaces. In: Internet Research 9.0: Rethinking Community, Rethinking Place, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Lundqvist, K. Ø., Baker, K. and Williams, S. (2008) An ontological approach to competency management. In: Proceedings of iLearn 2007, 29-31 January 2007 , Paris, pp. 1-4.

Parslow, P., Williams, S. and Browne, W. (2007) Collaborative eLearning Assistant Network: caring agents are conscious agents. In: The Eighth Annual Durham Blackboard Users’ Conference, 13-14th December 2007, Durham University.

Parslow, P., Williams, S., Evans, M., Øster Lundqvist, K., Porter-Daniels, E. and Ashton, R. (2007) Facebook & Blackboard: comparison of learner perspectives. In: The Eighth Annual Durham Blackboard Users’ Conference, 13-14th December 2007, Durham University.

Williams, S., Lundqvist, K.O. and Baker, K. (2007) Building communities via a learning landscape. In: iLearning Forum 2007, Paris, France.

Brown, M.L., Lundqvist, K.O., Williams, S. and Baker, K. (2007) ontoReadiness: A meta-ontology for readiness certification and career portability. UPGRADE: ICT Certifications for Informatics Professionals, 8 (3). 56- 61. ISSN 1684-5285

Lundqvist, K., Williams, S. and Baker, K. (2006) Evaluation of quality of e-learning environments. In: The 5th European Conference on e-Learning, Winchester, United Kingdom, 216 - 222.

Rodriguez, D., Lundqvist, K., Williams, S. and Baker, K. (2006) Personal metadata for cataloguing microcontent - linking to large ontologies, Micromedia & e-Learning 2.0: gaining the big picture. In: Proceedings of Microlearning Conference 2006, 288 - 294.

Lubega, J.T. and Williams, S. (2006) A study of factors contributing to late submission of course work. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning (EURODL).

Adams, A. and Williams, S. A. (2005) Customer-Driven Development for Rapid Production of Assessment Learning Objects. In: 4th European Conference on e-Learning, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Lubega, J.T., Sun, L. and Williams, S.A. (2005) A Design for Generating Personalised Feedback in Knowledge Construction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3583. pp. 302-310. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/11528043_30

Lubega, J.T., Sun, L. and Williams, S.A. (2005) A Method for Personalised Tracking in Knowledge Construction. In: Proceedings of 4th European Conference on e-Learning (ECEL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Sun, L., Osmanou, K. and Williams, S. A. (2004) Articulation of Learners Requirements for Personalised Instructional Design in E-Learning Services. Lecture Notes In Computer Science. pp. 142-151. ISSN 0302-9743

Sun, L., Lubega, J. and Williams, S. A. (2004) Design for a Learner-Oriented Tracking. Lecture Notes In Computer Science, 3143. pp. 155-164. ISSN 0302-9743

Williams, S.A., Baker, K. and Sun, L. (2004) Design principles for constructing reusable e-learning material based on traditional practice. In: 3rd European Conference on e-Learning, Paris, France.

Lubega, J., Sun, L. and Williams, S.A. (2004) An Effective Tracking Model for Personalised e-Learning. In: 3rd European Conference on e-Learning, Paris, France.

Williams, S., Baker, K., Sun, L., Fu, Y., Johns, K., Ousmanou, K. and Lubega, J. (2004) Example uses of a learning object. In: Cheung, R., Lau, R. and Li, Q. (eds.) New Horizon in Web-based Learning. World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, Singapore, pp. 51-58. ISBN 9812560297

Ekanem, M., Williams, S. , McCrindle, R. and Oversby, J. (2004) A Learning Object Approach to Facilitate the Production of Individualised Resources by Teachers. In: Proceedings: EdMedia 2004 World Conference on Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunication, Lugano, Switzerland.

Lubega, J. and Williams, S.A. (2004) Patterns of Use when Interacting with a Managed Learning Environment. In: Proceedings: EdMedia 2004 World Conference on Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunication, Lugano, Switzerland.

Joshi, B., Corne, D.W., Boother, J. and Williams, S. (2004) State-of-the-art Techniques for Intelligent Resource Planning. In: Business in a Changing Environment: tti2004 Conference, Edinburgh, UK.

Johns, K., Williams, S.A. , K., B. and L., S. (2004) Uses of a Learning Object. In: TEL '03 Proceedings: International Conference on Technology-enhanced Learning.

Lubega, J., McCrindle, R., Williams, S., Armitage, U. and Clements, I. (2004) Uses of mobile phones in higher education. In: Cantoni, L. and McLoughlin, C. (eds.) ED-MEDIA 2004: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Vols. 1-7. Assoc Advancement Computing Education, Norfolk, pp. 3951-3956. ISBN 1880094533

Sun, L., Fu, Y., Williams, S. and Sun, T. (2004) e-learning services provision and management. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3143. pp. 209-216. ISSN 0302-9743 3-540-22542-0

Adams, A. A., Lubega, J., Walmsley, S. M. and Williams, S. A. (2004) The effectiveness of assessment learning objects produced using pair programming. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 2 (2). pp. 247-256. ISSN 1479-4403

Sun, L. and Williams, S. (2004) An instructional design model for constructivist learning. In: Cantoni, L. and McLoughlin, C. (eds.) ED-MEDIA 2004: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications, Vols. 1-7. Assoc Advancement Computing Education, Norfolk, pp. 2476-2483. ISBN 1880094533

Adams, A. A., Walmsley, S.M. and Williams, S.A. (2003) Pair Programming for Rapid Development of Assessment Learning Objects. In: 2nd European Conference on e-Learning, November 2003, Glasgow, pp. 1-9.

Sun, L., Williams, S.A., Ousmanou, K. and Lubega, J. (2003) Building Personalised Functions into Dynamic Content Packaging to Support Individual Learners. In: 2nd European Conference on e-Learning, Glasgow.

Yang, H.H., Williams, S.A. and McCrindle, R.J. (2003) Derivation of a Measurement for Defining Ideal Number of Comments in Code. In: Proceedings of the 21st IASTED International Conference, Applied Informatics, Innsbruck, Austria.

Lubega, J. and Williams, S. (2003) The Effect of Using a Managed Learning Environment on the Performance of Students. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Interactive Computer Aided Learning, Villach, Austria.

Williams, S., Johns, K. and Baker, K. (2003) Finding quality e-learning material. In: TEL 2003: Technology-enhanced Learning 2003, Milan, Italy.

Sun, L., Williams, S. and Liu, K. (2003) Knowledge Construction in E-Learning - designing an e-Learning environment. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Angers, France.

Johns, K., Williams, S., Baker, K. and Sun, L. (2003) Uses of a Learning Object. In: TEL 2003: Technology-enhanced Learning 2003, Milan, Italy.

Williams, S. A. and Walmsley, S. M. (1998) Discover Delphi: programming principles explained. Addison-Wesley, pp400. ISBN 9780201342864

Duffy, D., Blackman, J. A., Mulheran, P. and Williams, S. A. (1998) Transition metal clusters on graphite. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 177-181 (2). pp. 953-954. ISSN 0304-8853 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-8853(97)00757-9

Williams, S. A. and McCrindle, R. J. (1997) Configuration management. In: 8th International Workshop on Software Technology and Engineering Practice (STEP '97) (including CASE '97), 14-18 July 1997, London. (Unpublished)

Fagg, G. E. and Williams, S. A. (1995) Improved program performance using a cluster of workstations. Parallel Algorithms and Applications, 6 (2-3). pp. 233-236. ISSN 1063-7192 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10637199508915511

Williams, S. A. (1994) Modula languages. In: Marciniak, J. J. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Software Engineering. 1st Edition. Wiley, pp. 702-703. ISBN 9780471540045

Williams, S. A. (1994) Parallel systems. In: Marciniak, J. J. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Software Engineering. 1st Edition. Wiley, pp. 788-793.

Williams, S. A., Mitchell, P. C. H. and Fagg, G. E. (1994) A cluster computing implementation of a Monte Carlo simulation of a particle growth mechanism. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 4 (3-4). pp. 275-280. ISSN 1744-5779 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10637199408915468

Fagg, G. E., Minchinton, P. R. and Williams, S. A. (1992) Implementation of n-tuple neural networks on parallel heterogeneous architectures. In: Aleksander, I. and Taylor, J. (eds.) Artificial Neural Networks, 2. North Holland, pp. 1283-1286.

Williams, S. A. (1992) The use of reverse engineering techniques to determine potential parallelism. In: Valero, M., Onate, E., Jane, M., Larriba, J. L. and Suarez, B. (eds.) Parallel Computing and Transputer Applications. IOS Press, pp. 346-355. ISBN 9789051990966